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By 2004 MD5 had essentially been broken by a crowd-sourcing effort showing that MD5 was very vulnerable to a Birthday Attack
Whitman, M. & Mattord, H. (2005). Principles of information security. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Canada, Thomson Learning, Inc.
His work did lead to the one time pad, which uses a key word only once, and it proved to be near unbreakable (Rubin, 2008). Whitman reports that criminals used cryptography during prohibition to communicate with each other.
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