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| Year | # of jobs | % of population |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 54 | 0.00% |
| 2020 | 52 | 0.00% |
| 2019 | 52 | 0.00% |
| 2018 | 51 | 0.00% |
| 2017 | 50 | 0.00% |
| Year | Avg. salary | Hourly rate | % Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | $60,347 | $29.01 | +3.2% |
| 2024 | $58,460 | $28.11 | +1.7% |
| 2023 | $57,485 | $27.64 | +1.4% |
| 2022 | $56,696 | $27.26 | +0.9% |
| 2021 | $56,178 | $27.01 | +2.0% |
| Rank | State | Population | # of jobs | Employment/ 1000ppl |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | District of Columbia | 693,972 | 12 | 2% |
| 2 | Maryland | 6,052,177 | 56 | 1% |
| 3 | California | 39,536,653 | 32 | 0% |
| 4 | New York | 19,849,399 | 29 | 0% |
| 5 | Texas | 28,304,596 | 24 | 0% |
| 6 | Oregon | 4,142,776 | 17 | 0% |
| 7 | Massachusetts | 6,859,819 | 14 | 0% |
| 8 | Pennsylvania | 12,805,537 | 11 | 0% |
| 9 | Virginia | 8,470,020 | 10 | 0% |
| 10 | North Carolina | 10,273,419 | 10 | 0% |
| 11 | New Jersey | 9,005,644 | 9 | 0% |
| 12 | Tennessee | 6,715,984 | 8 | 0% |
| 13 | Michigan | 9,962,311 | 7 | 0% |
| 14 | Louisiana | 4,684,333 | 5 | 0% |
| 15 | West Virginia | 1,815,857 | 4 | 0% |
| 16 | New Hampshire | 1,342,795 | 2 | 0% |
| 17 | Delaware | 961,939 | 2 | 0% |
| 18 | Vermont | 623,657 | 1 | 0% |
| 19 | Rhode Island | 1,059,639 | 1 | 0% |
| 20 | Connecticut | 3,588,184 | 1 | 0% |
Loyola University Chicago
Pepperdine University
Texas Tech University

Pennsylvania State University - Berks

Pace University

Penn State University Wilkes-Barre

Penn State University Wilkes-Barre
Arizona State University
Arizona State University

University of Iowa

University of Mississippi

University of Miami and Affiliated Faculty, Harvard Law School Executive Education

Boston University

Golden Gate University
University of New Hampshire

Duquesne University

Montclair State University

Holt Law
Quinnipiac University
Loyola University Chicago
Criminal Justice And Corrections
William Watkins Ph.D.: Writing and attention to detail. Regardless of one’s major, being a good writer is key regardless of you are a police officer writing an incident report or a lawyer preparing for a prosecution or defense of a client. Being detail oriented and not letting the smallest of elements go unrecorded can be the difference between a conviction and an acquittal. In a more serious sense, it could be the difference between life or death. Anything that puts the application of the law above reproach is a desired skill, particularly when the justice system is consistently under a public microscope.
William Watkins Ph.D.: In the criminal justice field, most will start in entry level positions. The best advice for maximizing your earning potential would be to expand your geographical net of where you would desire to work. Many areas that are more eager to attract employees are more likely to attract them with higher salaries and other forms of compensation/benefits. Smaller agencies and municipalities simply might not have the funds to pay those in this field an enticeable wage due to budget restrictions. Look around, as his is a field that is always hiring. This is slightly different for those who go into practicing law, as public servants vs. those who work for private firms will be compensated differently to go along with their expected duties.
William Watkins Ph.D.: In the criminal justice field, most will start in entry level positions. The best advice for maximizing your earning potential would be to expand your geographical net of where you would desire to work. Many areas that are more eager to attract employees are more likely to attract them with higher salaries and other forms of compensation/benefits. Smaller agencies and municipalities simply might not have the funds to pay those in this field an enticeable wage due to budget restrictions. Look around, as his is a field that is always hiring. This is slightly different for those who go into practicing law, as public servants vs. those who work for private firms will be compensated differently to go along with their expected duties.
Joel Fetzer: The ability to analyze large quantitative datasets using software such as SPSS, STATA, or R should be increasingly valued in the political and legal world as well as in survey-research and campaign firms and in Silicon Valley. Oral and written communication skills, the ability to persuade people to do what you or your client would like, remain crucial in this field, ChatGPT notwithstanding. And workers in this area will even more frequently need to combat disinformation campaigns using social and traditional media.
Leah Won: Law is a terrific profession to enter if you are interested in the ability to make an impact for your clients and your community.
Leah Won: Lawyers enjoy the opportunity to help people and organizations solve problems and achieve their goals. Lawyers enjoy thinking creatively and advocating for a position or for a person. Practicing law can become an all-encompassing endeavor that leaves little space for the parts of life that make us a whole person-setting boundaries and protecting one's mental health are crucial for a long career in the law.
Leah Won: There are so many practice areas and settings! Lawyers may use their oral advocacy skills in court in the morning and rely upon their research and writing skills in the afternoon. Perhaps a new client is visiting the office and the lawyer must build rapport and issue spot simultaneously. The law is an ever-evolving landscape and keeping up-to-date with changes in the law and policy is important to practice.
Texas Tech University
Law
Kayla Wimberley J.D. TTU Law 2011: Do well in school. Get good grades. The big law firms are the ones that pay, and they are the ones that are grade sensitive. And be prepared to put in the work. The more you are willing to hustle the more you can make in your practice.
Kayla Wimberley J.D. TTU Law 2011: Legal research and writing continue to be the hallmark skills for attorneys. I don't see this changing any time soon. I do think AI will continue to make its way into our practice, so having some knowledge of the use of AI would be helpful. However, this is a people/humanity centered field. You can't fake humanity.
Kayla Wimberley J.D. TTU Law 2011: Enjoy this time. Learn everything you can and be grateful for each piece of feedback you receive from an employer. This is your chance to learn how to be a lawyer, and to improve with each project you work on. This will not be your last legal job, but it will probably be the place you learn the most (both what to do and what not to do).

Pennsylvania State University - Berks
Criminal Justice Department
Dr. Jennifer Murphy Ph.D.: The skills that would stand out are those that would be gained through real-world experiences, such as an internship or a leadership position in a campus organization. For example, our students are required to complete an internship, but many could not in 2020 because of COVID. Those students' resumes were, on average, lacking the skills that employers would be looking for because they could not get those related experiences.
Dr. Jennifer Murphy Ph.D.: Criminal justice students need excellent communication skills to be successful. Other soft skills that are important are empathy and the ability to work well with other people.
Dr. Jennifer Murphy Ph.D.: Critical thinking, writing, analysis. Students should demonstrate that they can follow directions and pay attention to details.
Dr. Jennifer Murphy Ph.D.: Hardworking, ambitious, willing to learn, teamwork.

Pace University
Elisabeth Haub School of Law
Leslie Garfield Tenzer: Research and writing. I would encourage every student eligible to participate in their school's law review or law journals. Participation communicates to employers that you are committed to taking on extra work and demonstrates that you have developed your legal research and writing skills beyond the core curriculum.
Leslie Garfield Tenzer: Eye contact, clarity of expression, willingness to work hard, ability to accept criticism, and strong networking skills.
Leslie Garfield Tenzer: Legal research, editing skills, and most importantly, an ability to analyze the law.
Leslie Garfield Tenzer: In the short run, the skill of providing the partners with quality work. In the long run, cultivating clients.

Penn State University Wilkes-Barre
Criminal Justice Department
Rebecca Sarver Ph.D.: Three skills that can help make people stand out when applying for criminal justice lawyer jobs are communication, analysis, and argument formation. Lawyers have to listen to and speak with a wide variety of people, and they have to read a lot of different types of information. They have to do that in a way that the attorney can understand what they're being told or reading well enough to determine what is and is not important to their case at any given time. They then have to synthesize that information into the totality of their case as they form a very clear argument for why something did or did not happen. They then communicate that argument to other parties like opposing counsel or the jury.
Rebecca Sarver Ph.D.: We've asked this question to nearly every professional guest, internship supervisor, and employer we've interacted with within the time we've been teaching. The answers are always the same, regardless of their field. The top three answers are interpersonal communication, critical thinking, and problem-solving. Rounding out the list of the six most important soft skills are time management, leadership, and the ability to adapt. Since we have heard the need for these skills so often, we have incorporated ways of acquiring them throughout the criminal justice curriculum here at Penn State Wilkes-Barre.
Rebecca Sarver Ph.D.: The hard skills for our field are clear and accurate writing & speaking, the ability to search and find relevant information using multiple databases, the use of technology, and speaking a second language which can include sign language. Also, acting skills help in this field. Whether it happens in open court or in a closed interview room, there are times when you have to pretend to love things you detest and to detest things you love. It helps to be convincing when you need to do either.
Rebecca Sarver Ph.D.: In addition to the skills noted above, charisma helps you succeed. The more people are drawn to you, the more they will listen to you and the more they will trust you. The more they trust you, the more they will believe you. And their belief in you will help you succeed and, in turn, make more money.

Penn State University Wilkes-Barre
Criminal Justice Department
Jeremy Olson Ph.D.: The hard skills for our field are clear and accurate writing & speaking, the ability to search and find relevant information using multiple databases, the use of technology, and speaking a second language which can include sign language. Also, acting skills help in this field. Whether it happens in open court or in a closed interview room, there are times when you have to pretend to love things you detest and to detest things you love. It helps to be convincing when you need to do either.
Jeremy Olson Ph.D.: In addition to the skills noted above, charisma helps you succeed. The more people are drawn to you, the more they will listen to you and the more they will trust you. The more they trust you, the more they will believe you. And their belief in you will help you succeed and, in turn, make more money.
Jeremy Olson Ph.D.: Three skills that can help make people stand out when applying for criminal justice lawyer jobs are communication, analysis, and argument formation. Lawyers have to listen to and speak with a wide variety of people, and they have to read a lot of different types of information. They have to do that in a way that the attorney can understand what they're being told or reading well enough to determine what is and is not important to their case at any given time. They then have to synthesize that information into the totality of their case as they form a very clear argument for why something did or did not happen. They then communicate that argument to other parties like opposing counsel or the jury.
Jeremy Olson Ph.D.: We've asked this question to nearly every professional guest, internship supervisor, and employer we've interacted with within the time we've been teaching. The answers are always the same, regardless of their field. The top three answers are interpersonal communication, critical thinking, and problem-solving. Rounding out the list of the six most important soft skills are time management, leadership, and the ability to adapt. Since we have heard the need for these skills so often, we have incorporated ways of acquiring them throughout the criminal justice curriculum here at Penn State Wilkes-Barre.
Hank Fradella Ph.D.: The pandemic made it clear that criminal justice professionals are "essential workers." As a result, we are seeing increased interest in people wanted to enter a field where they know their employment will be stable.
Hank Fradella Ph.D.: Although entry-level positions in criminal justice rarely require a bachelor's degree, more and more hiring officials seek to hire people with such a credential because it signifies that a person not only possesses subject matter knowledge, but also critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, as week as writing skills. As always, people who speak two more languages are always valued. And as crime prevention and solving become more data-driven, people who have studied research methods, statistics, and crime analysis techniques (like GIS mapping) are in particularly high demand.
Hank Fradella Ph.D.: They have been increasing.
Adam Chodorow: When the pandemic first hit, just about everything ground to a halt. However, after an initial adjustment, legal work came roaring back. The pandemic does not appear to have affected our students' job prospects because there is plenty of work to be done. ASU Law rallied around its students to create paid employment opportunities when their summer jobs were canceled or postponed due to the pandemic. The students gained a meaningful, practical experience, in addition to much-needed financial support.
And now we face a more interesting question and one we won't know the answer to for many years: Where and how our graduates will be working. The pandemic has proven that lawyers can work from home for long periods. It is too soon to tell whether this will be a temporary aberration or the new normal. Firms may relinquish or significantly reduce their office space to save money and time, but doing so could also affect firm culture, the ability to train young lawyers, and a host of other important factors we have yet to consider.
For years, futurists have told us that big changes were coming to the way lawyers practiced, whether because of flexible work arrangements, increased use of technology, or globalization. The pandemic forced us all to go down that path sooner than many expected. The jury is still out on what of this new way to work we will keep and what of the old we will discard.
Adam Chodorow: Law firms often say that they are looking for practice-ready attorneys - that is, attorneys who can come in and contribute on day one. The fact is - no matter how much experience law students get, there will always be a steep learning curve once they graduate. With that said, externships and summer positions in the field the students want to practice in will help students along that curve and signal to employers that they truly are interested in the type of work an employer does. Thus, those interested in criminal law should try to get externships and summer positions as prosecutors or with the public defenders' office or defense firms; those interested in family law might try to get an externship with a judge working on family law.

Christina Bohannan: Graduates will need to have excellent analytical and communication skills. They will need to understand how the law intersects with their clients' business or other interests. They will also need to have cultural proficiency to work with diverse clients and coworkers with different ideas, cultures, and backgrounds.
Christina Bohannan: Legal studies allow graduates to find work anywhere in the United States. For example, although our law school is in Iowa, we send many students all over the country.
Christina Bohannan: Technology will continue to play a role in legal practice. Over the last several years, it has allowed more people to work remotely from the firms or other organizations where they practice. The pandemic has made online meetings and court arguments more common than ever. But I believe that when the epidemic is lifted, we will likely return to mostly in-person court appearances.

Ronald Rychlak: Regardless of the business climate, legal issues will remain. Moreover, in the legal profession, more and more is turning to legal support services to meet clients' needs. I expect the demand for graduates in the field only to grow.
Ronald Rychlak: Opportunities in this field exist almost everywhere. There is a particular need in rural areas, but legal support services are needed anywhere people live and do business. That's nice, because you need not limit your options due to geographic restrictions.

University of Miami and Affiliated Faculty, Harvard Law School Executive Education
Department of Law
Michele DeStefano: I think a ripe place for graduates to learn these four skills is with the companies that are now often called "new" or "alternative" law companies (which is a misnomer undoubtedly). These companies, called initially legal process organizations, have gotten a bad rap, yet (client by client) they are transforming what we think of as legal services. They provide holistic legal services that are client-centric and the big picture and include the law's business side. These new law companies like Elevate Services and UnitedLex are making considerable strides in our marketplace. And they are an excellent place for young graduates to work to hone the skills that (unfortunately) law schools aren't joining and that is essential to success.
Michele DeStefano: I recently helped create a new non-profit called the Digital Legal Exchange (in collaboration with Mark Cohen, Bill Deckelman, Dan Reed, and Reen SenGupta). As its name indicates, it is all about going digital-helping in-house legal departments accelerate their digital transformation. But unlike it sounds, digital transformation is not only about tech. True, tech is part of digital transformation. And as research by the Leading Edge Forum shows, tech modernization is the first step towards digital transformation. But tech is not the hardest or the most significant part of digital transformation. Instead, the hardest and biggest parts are people, culture, mindset, and purpose.
So, ironically, I do not think that technology will change the way we work as rapidly as people think it is going to - at least not the fancy technology that everyone is talking about, like AI. Although, I believe that AI and blockchain's potential to move us forward and enable lawyers to predict better what clients need and add value that creates revenue is outstanding, I don't believe that we'll see the true potential come to fruition within the next five years. Yes, we will see it in bits and pieces, and some places/companies/industries, but it won't be as fast and as disruptive as everyone seems to think it will be.
That said, I believe that the legal professionals who understand what it means to transform digitally, how to track and analyze data and metrics, how to change culture and mindset, and who understand how the technology works, and, therefore, how it can be leveraged, are the professionals who will succeed. They will be the ones who provide a more client-centric experience and who help generate revenue for and with their internal and external clients.

Boston University
Questrom School of Business
Dr. Jay Zagorsky: College graduates looking for jobs care about two things: jobs and pay. Once the coronavirus is over, I believe both will return to pre-pandemic levels. The pandemic has hurt many companies. For example, restaurants, bars, and hotels have all gone out of business, destroying jobs and pay in the hospitality and travel industries. However, there is incredible pent-up demand. Many people have not traveled or eaten outside their home since the virus started spreading. When the pandemic is over, people will want to spend money to reclaim missed experiences.
Dr. Jay Zagorsky: Technology has been rapidly transforming society. Smartphones are now ubiquitous. However, they have not been around for a very long time. The first iPhone came out in 2008. New technologies, like the smartphone, which will revolutionize our society, will continue to appear. Since no one can predict how technology can impact any field, the best thing that college graduates can do is be flexible. Being able to learn new things quickly, being willing to start over, and being ready to volunteer are traits every business looking to hire employees wants, especially in times of rapid technological change. You don't need to be an expert in every new technology.
Instead, just be open to new ideas and experiences throughout your career and make sure your boss knows if they need a person to try new things out, you are the one.

Golden Gate University
Department of Law
Rana Boujaoude: Absolutely. Our graduates are facing enormous hurdles trying to get licensed and enter into the workforce.
Rana Boujaoude: It's difficult to say. With the bar exam being postponed in most jurisdictions across the country, this is causing a delay for licensing. Even some of our graduates who had post-bar work lined up before the pandemic are finding their positions are no longer needed.
Megan Carpenter: The current global pandemic makes apparent the vital role that lawyers play in civil society, particularly in times of chaos and disruption. When there is chaos, when there are vulnerable populations, lawyers are essential for the grand challenges that we face. Throughout history, whether the issue is slavery or women's rights, religious liberty, health law, and policy, how we define private rights and public needs or develop vital technologies, the big arguments have been about who we are as a people, and the society we want to live in, and lawyers are necessary to help find solutions.
This is particularly true in the area of intellectual property and technology law. As the legal framework surrounding human creativity, intellectual property is relevant across industries and provides the foundation for innovation and invention. Transactions in IP are the system of movement for innovation around the world. Solutions to problems from climate change to international peace and security are based on innovation. Issues at the intersection of data and privacy are critical in the digital age. And IP can help carve a path through the current crisis, whether working to support vaccine development on the front lines at the World Health Organization, developing online learning technologies, or helping to make public health policy. Our IP system is fraught with uncertainty, and yet, is at the center of some of the most important global challenges we face.
Megan Carpenter: We see geographic boundaries dissolve. The pandemic has shown us that lawyers are able to use technology and work in remote locations, across the country and around the world. Rather than thinking of particularly good places to find work opportunities, I might reverse that and say that just about anywhere can be a good place to find work opportunities in the future.
Maria Comas: Lawyers assist individuals, small businesses, large corporations, and governments with a variety of questions, issues, and policies, in geographic areas, ranging from large cities to small towns. For that reason, opportunities are available to law graduates in every state. However, depending on the economy and top industries in a particular area, the types of opportunities may vary. Lawyers are always needed to serve in rural and underserved populations, in addition to more populated cities and towns.

Francesca Laguardia Ph.D.: Only time will tell. Many students may go straight into law school, when otherwise they would have taken a year or two to work. Others may need to work or be more hesitant about the expense of law school, given the uncertain financial situation. There is no way to judge how this reshuffling will pan out overall. And, while many businesses may be contracting, paralegals are needed for the work law firms continue to do.
Francesca Laguardia Ph.D.: The legal field is universal. Major firms may tend to gravitate to bigger cities, but there is legal work everywhere.
Francesca Laguardia Ph.D.: Technology is already having a huge impact on the legal field. Huge amounts of time traditionally spent on document review is now unnecessary as technology takes over. New technological knowledge is always important for paralegals and attorneys. Now, given the increase in an online court, other legal appearances, technological comfort, and a knowledge of privacy concerns have become even more necessary.

Holt Law
Brendan Holt: Continue to remain curious professionally; be a life-long learner. There are many nuances, ideas, techniques, and opportunities that can only really develop if you stay engaged and open to growth. Seek out occasions to speak with folks about the communication difficulties they experience, whether professional or personal, and listen. From these experiences, you can gain a fantastic insight into both the root causes of conflict and new ways to approach facilitating the resolution of that conflict.
Brendan Holt: Absolutely, and hopefully, not all of the harmful variety. This pandemic came on suddenly and had such a drastic impact on so many aspects of our lives and typical systems that it forced us all very quickly to adapt. We've had to rethink how we communicate fundamentally; and what traditional business and professional practices could be refined or replaced. There is a real and ongoing opportunity to invent, embrace, and accelerate new, streamlined, and more effective systems. Processes that we realize we should continue to use and develop, even when things go back to "normal."
Quinnipiac University
Law
William Logue: Although this seems like a potential displacement of people, virtual platforms require a different kind of preparation for users and more considerable attention to rapport building where relationships are meaningful. Those people skills are key strengths that an expert in dispute resolution and conflict management can bring. Right dispute resolution professionals are flexible, adaptable, and creative - a good foundation for an evolving career.