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Then in 1859, Florence Nightingale established her famous nursing school—so influential on future nurses’ training in the United States—at St Thomas’s Hospital in London.
Following the particularly bloody battle of Shiloh in April of 1862, the state of Ohio sent boats to the scene, which they converted into floating hospitals.
After the war ended, in 1886, the United States Army established the Hospital Corps.
In the fall of 1899, eight hospital superintendents met in Cleveland to formulate a plan to establish guidelines for medical practices.
In 1906, membership rules were loosened to allow executive officers and others who ranked below the superintendent to join but without vote-casting privileges.
In 1923, Baylor Hospitals in Dallas created a unique program, in conjunction with local schools, to provide healthcare to teachers for a pre-paid monthly fee.
By 1925, the American hospital had become an institution whose goals were recovery and cure to be achieved by the efforts of professional personnel and increasing medical technology.
The United States has a long history of health information management (HIM). The health information industry has been around officially since 1928 when the American College of Surgeons (ACOS) sought to improve the standards of records being created in clinical settings.
The resulting Social Security Act of 1935 created the first real system of its kind to provide public support for the retired and elderly.
He proposed an extension and expansion of the Social Security Act of 1935, as well as the Hill-Burton Program (which gave government grants to medical facilities in need of modernization, in exchange for providing a “reasonable” amount of medical services to those who could not pay).
In 1937, perhaps owing to new vaccines for yellow fever and typhus, the language of the AHA mission was changed to emphasize education and scientific research.
The Wagner-Murray-Dingell Bill was introduced in 1943, proposing universal health care funded through a payroll tax.
Even after Truman was re-elected in 1948, his health insurance plan died as public support dropped off, and the Korean War began.
By 1960, the government started tracking National Health Expenditures (NHE) and calculated them as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). At the start of the decade, NHE accounted for 5 percent of GDP.
In 1964, El Camino Hospital in Mountain View, CA worked with Lockheed Corporation to develop a hospital information system that included medical records, but generally computer manufacturers did not understand the healthcare industry’s needs.
The law represented the most significant overhaul and expansion of healthcare coverage since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid back in 1965.
Moreover, Medicare and Medicaid, established in 1965, provided money for the care of the aged and the poor, respectively.
In 1965, for example, Medicare costs were projected to be $3.1 billion.
Medicare and Medicaid were introduced in 1965 and drove the development of healthcare information systems since reimbursement made accurate record keeping a priority.
The first attempt at a total, integrated health records system was implemented in a gynecology unit at the University Medical Center in Burlington, Vermont in 1971.
In 1971, Senator Edward (Ted) Kennedy proposed a single-payer plan (a modern version of a universal, or compulsory system) that would be funded through taxes.
The growth of these hospitals, along with the advent of new treatments and new technologies, contributed to escalating in-patient hospital costs, leading the federal government to impose wage and price controls on hospitals in 1971.
Lockheed Corporation created Eclipsys in 1971, a computerized physician ordering system for El Camino Hospital in California.
The Regenstrief Institute in Indianapolis created the Regenstrief Medical Record System in 1972.
Doctor Gary T. McIlroy, a pathologist who received his medical training at University of California-Los Angeles and the Mayo Clinic, cofounded Midwest Laboratory Associates, a medical testing business, with his wife Marlene O. Travis in 1977.
In order to concentrate on developing the new business, McIlroy and Travis sold the medical lab to Damon Corp., a national laboratory firm, in 1980.
Rosemary Stevens, “ ‘A Poor Sort of Memory’: Voluntary Hospitals and Government before the Depression,” The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, Health and Society 60 (1982): 558.
In 1982, Dragon Systems developed a voice recognition prototype to the cheers of medical assistants everywhere!
Medicare incorporated a prospective payment system in 1983, with federal programs paying a preset amount for a specific diagnosis in the form of Diagnostic Related Groups, or DRGs.
According to an October 1984 Corporate Report Minnesota article, HRMI's average client employed 20,000 and spent about $30 million a year on medical payments.
Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine; Charles E. Rosenberg, The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America’s Hospital System(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987).
By 1990, NHE accounted for 12.1 percent of GDP — the largest increase thus far in the history of healthcare.
In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee established the World Wide Web and while healthcare wasn’t immediately affected, the web and browser technology established an expectation of how to access, share and navigate information.
The study wouldn’t be published until 1991, but it found security issues, lack of standards and cost were the primary barriers to adopting electronic health records at the time.
After a period of debate toward the end of 1993, Congress left for winter recess with no conclusions or decisions, leading to the bill’s quiet death.
In 1994, the World Health Organization adopted the ICD-10 coding standard.
Healthcare reform on a state level was encouraging medium-sized companies to move to self-funded health plans, according to a February 1995 Minneapolis/St Paul CityBusiness article by Carla Solberg.
Some of the larger not-for-profit corporations have bailed out public facilities through lease arrangements, such as the one between the Daughters of Charity’s Seton Medical Center and the public Brackenridge Hospital in Austin, Texas, that occurred in 1995.
Fiscal 1996 ended with lower than expected revenues due to a scaled back agreement with a major client and delays in new customer development.
In 1996, Clinton signed the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which established privacy standards for individuals.
The $80 million deal was canceled in March 1997, following a sharp decline in HealthPlan stock, a consequence of activity involving two earlier mergers.
The claims administration division accounted for 39 percent of 1997 revenue.
Then in 1997, the Balanced Budget Act decreased Medicare payments to hospitals by $115 billion over five years, including a projected $17 billion reduction in Medicare payments to hospitals.
In his 2004 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush called for computerized health records – the beginning of the electronic health record (EHR) revolution.
Present-day healthcare organizations are implementing functional EHR systems with more intensity than ever thanks to President Obama’s passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) in 2009.
In 2011, the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology started working with the 62 Regional Extension Centers (RECs) across the nation to help healthcare providers migrate to electronic healthcare record systems.
The first open enrollment season for the Marketplace started in October 2013, and it was rocky, to say the least.
ARRA “requires the adoption of Electronic Medical Records by 2014 for seventy percent of the primary care provider population,” according to the US Department of Health and Human Services.
As of 2015 96 percent of hospitals and 87 percent of office-based physician practices were using electronic health records (EHRs).
As of 2015, electronic health record adoption had doubled in just seven years.
In 2016, it remains a fast-growing field that shows no signs of deceleration.
Nevertheless, 8 million people signed up for insurance through the ACA Marketplace during the first open enrollment season, with enrollment peaking in 2016 at 12.2 million (with 10 million of those receiving subsidies to help pay for insurance).
Since Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th President of the United States on January 20, 2017, many have questioned what would happen with our healthcare system — specifically, what would happen to the ACA, since Donald Trump ran on a platform of “repealing and replacing” the bill.
According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, the ACA has covered an average of 11.3 million annually since its inception, though 8.5% of the United States population (roughly 27.5 million Americans) remain uninsured, as reported by the KKF in 2018.
Hungry to notch a win on healthcare prior to the 2020 election, the Trump administration continues to push ahead on initiatives designed to reign-in healthcare costs.
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