Hartshorne Public School history

Today, many Navajo People note that the Treaty of 1868 between the Navajo Tribe and the US government assigned the Bureau of Indian Affairs to care for Navajo economic, educational, and health services.

The General Mining Act of 1872 intended to and succeeded at, establishing and maintaining our present level of civilization.

An association, long observed, between these mining activities and a lung disease, then called Bergkrankheit, was first reported in detail in 1879.9–12 The investigators reported that 75% of all deaths among miners were due to this disease.

Outline map of the Connellsville Coke Region, showing Railroads, Furnaces, and Coke Works, 1882.

The United Mine Workers of America was formed in 1890 when they teamed up with the National Progressive Union of Miners and Mine Laborers and the Knights of Labor Trade Assembly No.

In 1902, Anthracite owners refused to adhere to a new contract resulting in miners going on a 10-month strike.

In 1914, the Ludlow Massacre occurred when the Colorado National Guard and company thugs burned the miners’ tents and shot people in the camp, killing 13 children, two mothers, and a number of miners.

In November 1919, the driving force and powerhouse for the labor movement, John L. Lewis, became President of the UMWA and remained President for 40 years.

In 1921, 7,000 striking miners led by Bill Blizzard met at Marmet for a march in Logan County to organize southern coalfields represented by the UMWA. The Battle of Blair was a five-day-long battle.

Miner’s Memorial Day, also known as Davis Day, was created in honor of William Davis, who was shot and killed during a long strike by the province’s coal miners against the British Empire Steel Corporation on June 11, 1925.

A ventilation project begun in Jachimov, Czechoslovakia, by the Ministry of Public Works in 1930 provides clear evidence that policymakers at the time thought that radon was hazardous.

In February 1931, a strike in Harlan County, Kentucky between the UMWA and coal operators resulted in a bloody coal-field war.

For instance, Hueper, the scientist who wrote the 1942 review and who was then at the National Cancer Institute, was forbidden to speak in public about his concerns about the health hazard of radon in uranium mines.

A 1944 review by Egon Lorenz,11 however, concluded that radiation could not be the causal agent since x-rays giving doses comparable to those from the radon gas did not have the same effect in animals.

In 1946, President Harry Truman seized the coal mines, resulting in a contract signed in the White House that led to the action of the UMWA Health and Retirement Funds.

The centerpiece of the Nuremberg Code, promulgated in 1947 and widely publicized, was provision of informed consent to persons enrolled in research studies.

After its initial dependence on foreign sources, the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) announced in 1948 that it would guarantee a price for and purchase all uranium ore that was mined in the United States.

Bale reported first in 1951 in an influential memorandum29 that it was the radon daughter isotopes that contributed the bulk of the radiation to the lung.

Above right: Navajo miners near Cove, Ariz, in 1952.

A 1957 report by Holaday and colleagues41 laid out an approach for controlling radon in mines.

The states did adopt guidelines for radon at levels equivalent to 1 working level, and in 1958 New Mexico adopted a policy clearing all areas that exceeded 10 working levels.

Despite a long and well-developed understanding, based on the European experience earlier in the century, that uranium mining led to high rates of lung cancer, few protections were provided for US miners before 1962 and their adoption after that time was slow and incomplete.

The creation of the Mine Act occurred in 1968 when a mine exploded at Consolidated Coal’s Farmington #9 Mine killing 78 miners.

The standard that was finally set for radon in mines, 0.3 working levels, was established on January 1, 1969.1 It is essentially the standard that applies today, reformulated as 4 working level months per year.

Notably, the uranium miner study also took place after the start of the better-known Tuskegee Study of Black men with syphilis, which was also run by the PHS. However, the Tuskegee study did not come to public view until 1972.37

Tome, the early Navajo advocate, prompted the Albuquerque Tribune to run a cover story in 1973 that led to the first legislation in the US Congress aimed at compensation, designed to extend black lung benefits to uranium miners.

The first selective strike in the history of the UMWA occurred in 1978 after a 110-day long coal strike.

Ultimately, Udall filed 2 lawsuits in 1979 seeking damages for uranium miners.

The proposed eligibility criterion for miners was 1 year of work in the mines.55 The hearings the following year focused on creating exemptions for populations living downwind from the atomic bomb tests.56 In 1982, Navajo People showed up in force at a Senate hearing in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Charley assisted Udall with Begay v United States before helping to start the Red Mesa/ Mexican Water Four Corners Uranium Committee in 1985.

One of the most monumental UMWA strikes took place in 1989, which involved 50,000 in 11 states, using civil disobedience and acts of non-violence to preserve the health care and retirees for workers across the Nation.

In 1990, fierce fighter of working-class rights and United States Army veteran, Cecil E. Roberts, becomes the 15th President of the UMWA.

Former miner Joe Ray Harvey at an abandoned uranium mine near Cove, Ariz, 1995.

Risk of lung cancer from radon exposure: contribution of recently published studies of uranium miners.[Ann ICRP. 2012] Tirmarche M, Harrison J, Laurier D, Blanchardon E, Paquet F, Marsh J. Ann ICRP. 2012 Oct-Dec; 41(3-4):368-77.