Junior quality assurance tester entry level jobs - 13 jobs

A manual tester with the below required skillset -Test planning -Test execution (smoke, functional, system test, End-to-End, UAT and regression) Knowledge of healthcare (Medicaid business a plus) ALM testing tool test plan, test lab, execution, and defect management Develops test procedures, scripts, and test stimuli to support software integration and formal software testing -Executes Test scripts/cases, report defects and support development for training -API testing experience: Hand-on in using any of the API tools (SOAPUI, POSTMAN etc. ,) Knowledge of SOA architecture model (synchronous/asynchronous) Basic SQL (DML) -UAT support -Build/execute regression suite Develop test execution summary and report to the leads Serves as a subject matter expert on the domain that is allocated Works under minimal direction. Self-driven and proactive & work on other testing responsibilities as assigned Nice to have experience -Medicaid providers, member enrollments, claims, EDI business areas Background on test automation (with any of the object oriented programming language) Required Skills: API Testing; SoapUI; XML APIs; Atlassian: JIRA.

Discover your potential at BEL Environmental Engineering, LLC! We are experts in the Solid Waste industry and work as a team to solve complex challenges and provide our clients with a full spectrum of talent and experience. A career at BEL is different. We are a small and employee focused firm that provides opportunities for your career to grow along with us. In this role, you will be challenged and encouraged to turn big ideas into solid results and take ownership of your contributions. We are currently seeking an intern for Construction Quality Assurance Technician (CQA) to join our team of dedicated and passionate professionals.

A career at Resilience is more than just a job - it's an opportunity to change the future. Resilience is a technology-focused biomanufacturing company that's changing the way medicine is made. We're building a sustainable network of high-tech, end-to-end manufacturing solutions to better withstand disruptive events, serve scientific discovery, and reach those in need. For more information, please visit ****************** Position Summary The Automation Engineer III is responsible for delivering technical projects for the manufacturing intelligence and automation systems. The engineer will provide change management and lifecycle analysis for systems within their area of expertise. Responsibilities Interface with several types of equipment and systems, including but not limited to PLCs, SCADAs, HMIs, Servers, Databases, Data Historian, Visualization, and other automation equipment. Experience with networking, including but not limited to VLAN, Subnets, and IP protocols. Participate and support in the design, optimization, commissioning, or validation of newly procured or existing equipment as the automation lead. Consult cross-functionally and assist system owners in process development as the automation subject matter expert. Review and approve requirements, specifications, drawings, coding procedures, and guideline. Provide technical guidance and train others on systems, software, equipment, machines, procedures, and/or processes. Communicate priorities and progress to the team on a continuing basis. High technical ability with a troubleshooting approach. Identify temporary and permanent fixes to address issues. Review and approve documentation needed for the qualification of equipment and processes. Author, review, and revise SOPs and specifications to maintain equipment, systems, and/or facilities. Ensure proper documentation practices during maintenance processes. Recommend and initiate activities to ensure area and equipment are maintained in a state of compliance. Assess and implement improvements in productivity, waste generation, quality, and cost. Lead and coordinate investigations and studies with little supervision. Interact with regulatory agency personnel during audits and inspections. Perform quality audits to ensure devices used are in proper working condition. Provide 24/7 support to others as part of a rotating on-call support system. All other tasks as needed or assigned by the supervisor. Minimum Qualifications Significant experience supporting manufacturing operations in a regulated or cGMP environment Experience with the following Automation systems (PLC, HMI, SCADA), including but not limited to Rockwell, Inductive (Ignition), Aveva (Wonderware), Siemens, Emerson (GE), or B&R Preferred Qualifications Bachelor's degree in Engineering, computer science or a related discipline Knowledge of GMP principles, GAMP 5 and ISA standards Experience with FactoryTalk Batch, Data Historian systems, and Microsoft SQL database designs This position may also include the following conditions: Sitting and working on computers, meeting with stakeholders for design requirements, working with vendors and regulatory authorities, occasionally working on the plant floor and interacting with equipment. The items described here are representative of those that must be met successfully to perform the essential functions of this job. Sponsorship or support for work authorization, including visas, is not available for this position. Resilience is an Equal Employment Opportunity Employer. Qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender perception or identity, national origin, age, marital status, protected veteran status, disability status, physical or mental disability, genetic information, or characteristic, or other non-job-related characteristics or other prohibited grounds specified in applicable federal, state, and local laws. Requests for reasonable accommodation can be made at any stage of the recruitment process. Resilience offers employees a robust total rewards program including an annual cash bonus program, a 401(k) plan with a generous company match and our benefits package which is thoughtfully designed to support our employees with great healthcare (including medical, dental and vision), family building benefits, life and disability insurance, flexible time off, paid holidays, other paid leaves of absence, tuition reimbursement and support for caregiving needs. Our target base pay hiring range for this position is $80,000.00 - $121,250.00 per year. Actual base pay is dependent upon a number of factors, including but not limited to, the candidate's geographical location, relevant experience, qualifications, skills and knowledge. Excited about Resilience and the biomanufacturing revolution? We encourage you to apply and start a conversation with one of our recruiters.

ECS is seeking a Software Quality Engineer Junior to work in our Dayton, OH office. Please Note: This position is contingent upon contract award. The Air Force (AF) Reliability and Maintainability Information System (REMIS), Air Force Life Cycle Management Center (AFLCMC), Business and Enterprise Systems (BES) Directorate (GB) requires full software development lifecycle activities to preserve and enhance REMIS service capabilities in support of United States (US) warfighters worldwide. REMIS is the AF Maintenance Enterprise system providing organizational, intermediate and depot level operational authoritative information for all AF weapon systems (Fighter, Bomber, Transport and Helicopter; Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV)/Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV); Satellite, Missile; Trainer; Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicles; Communications-Electronics; Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) and Support Equipment) supporting AF worldwide Operating Bases and Logistic Complexes. REMIS is a data system for collecting, validating, editing, processing, integrating, standardizing and reporting equipment maintenance data, including reliability and maintainability data, on a global basis. REMIS is the Financial System feeder for cost accounting and depreciation of all AF weapon systems. The scope of services will support the REMIS Program Management Office (PMO), AFLCMC/GBM. ECS will perform all technical and operational support for REMIS which will require expertise in large-scale systems engineering, development, integration, and operational processes. ECS is looking for an experienced Software Quality Assurance Engineer and Tester to develop and execute software test plans in order to identify software problems and their causes. Additional Responsibilities: * Conduct quality assurance activities throughout the software development lifecycle, including reviewing and approving deliverables. * Design and execute test plans, create test cases, and perform various types of testing (functional, performance, regression) to identify and resolve defects. * Work closely with developers, product managers, and other stakeholders to ensure that quality requirements are met and to advocate for best practices in quality assurance. * Develop and maintain automated testing frameworks and scripts to enhance testing efficiency and coverage. * Identify, document, and prioritize software defects, collaborating with development teams to communicate issues and suggest solutions. * Drive continuous improvement initiatives in testing methodologies and processes to enhance overall software quality. * 2+ years experience as a Software Quality Assurance Engineer and Tester * High School Diploma * Active Secret Clearance * Security + Certificate

Test We are an equal opportunity employer and all qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability status, protected veteran status, or any other characteristic protected by law. KidStrong is a private child development training center focused on brain, physical & character development for ages walking through 11 years old. KidStrong offers a science-based curriculum that is parent-focused and taught by professionals. OUR PEOPLE: - Want to work with great people - Want personal and professional growth - Want to make an impact This franchise is independently owned and operated by a franchisee. Your application will go directly to the franchisee, and all hiring decisions will be made by the management of this franchisee. All inquiries about employment at this franchisee should be made directly to the franchise location, and not to KidStrong Corporate.

Urgently hiring a QA Documentation Associate in Grove City, OH. An ideal candidate will have at least 6 months of regulatory or quality documentation experience. This is a great opportunity to get your foot in the door and grow within this company! INTERESTED CANDIDATES CAN SEND UPDATED RESUMES TO MAMCDONOUGH @ACTALENTSERVICES .COM OR TEXT MARISA AT ************** TO SET UP A PHONE INTERVIEW! Job Description The Quality Assurance Records Administrator is responsible for supporting Document Control activities of the Quality Assurance department located in Grove City, OH. This position works with the Quality Assurance department to ensure compliance regarding documents and records. Responsibilities * Manage and maintain all controlled company documents. * Assist in creating and managing physical and electronic document systems. * Assist in creating and managing document identification, classification, and filing. * Conduct gap assessments with effective procedures and ensure compliance within document control. * Ensure revised documents are accessible. * Conform to company enforced specifications and document control procedures. * Ensure proper organization and security of documents (physical and electronic). * Perform administrative duties that include scanning, copying, and storing documents. * Assist in maintaining and updating the master document index. * Format and review site documentation in accordance with site procedures, as needed. * Assist in managing and organizing records for instruments and equipment per effective procedures. * Assist in managing and organizing test records for quality control and microbiology laboratories. * Create and manage logbooks for Manufacturing and Quality Control. * Undertake any other duties as required. Work Environment This individual will be sitting onsite at the Grove City facility in an office setting. Hours are 8am-5pm Monday to Friday, primarily supporting Quality Specialists. Pay and Benefits The pay range for this position is $21.00 - $21.00/hr. Eligibility requirements apply to some benefits and may depend on your job classification and length of employment. Benefits are subject to change and may be subject to specific elections, plan, or program terms. If eligible, the benefits available for this temporary role may include the following: * Medical, dental & vision * Critical Illness, Accident, and Hospital * 401(k) Retirement Plan - Pre-tax and Roth post-tax contributions available * Life Insurance (Voluntary Life & AD&D for the employee and dependents) * Short and long-term disability * Health Spending Account (HSA) * Transportation benefits * Employee Assistance Program * Time Off/Leave (PTO, Vacation or Sick Leave) Workplace Type This is a fully onsite position in Grove City,OH. Application Deadline This position is anticipated to close on May 12, 2025. About Actalent Actalent is a global leader in engineering and sciences services and talent solutions. We help visionary companies advance their engineering and science initiatives through access to specialized experts who drive scale, innovation and speed to market. With a network of almost 30,000 consultants and more than 4,500 clients across the U.S., Canada, Asia and Europe, Actalent serves many of the Fortune 500. The company is an equal opportunity employer and will consider all applications without regard to race, sex, age, color, religion, national origin, veteran status, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, genetic information or any characteristic protected by law. If you would like to request a reasonable accommodation, such as the modification or adjustment of the job application process or interviewing due to a disability, please email actalentaccommodation@actalentservices.com for other accommodation options.

A career at Resilience is more than just a job - it's an opportunity to change the future. Resilience is a technology-focused biomanufacturing company that's changing the way medicine is made. We're building a sustainable network of high-tech, end-to-end manufacturing solutions to better withstand disruptive events, serve scientific discovery, and reach those in need. For more information, please visit ****************** Position Summary The Automation Engineer III is responsible for delivering technical projects for the manufacturing intelligence and automation systems. The engineer will provide change management and lifecycle analysis for systems within their area of expertise. Responsibilities * Interface with several types of equipment and systems, including but not limited to PLCs, SCADAs, HMIs, Servers, Databases, Data Historian, Visualization, and other automation equipment. * Experience with networking, including but not limited to VLAN, Subnets, and IP protocols. * Participate and support in the design, optimization, commissioning, or validation of newly procured or existing equipment as the automation lead. * Consult cross-functionally and assist system owners in process development as the automation subject matter expert. * Review and approve requirements, specifications, drawings, coding procedures, and guideline. * Provide technical guidance and train others on systems, software, equipment, machines, procedures, and/or processes. * Communicate priorities and progress to the team on a continuing basis. * High technical ability with a troubleshooting approach. * Identify temporary and permanent fixes to address issues. * Review and approve documentation needed for the qualification of equipment and processes. * Author, review, and revise SOPs and specifications to maintain equipment, systems, and/or facilities. * Ensure proper documentation practices during maintenance processes. * Recommend and initiate activities to ensure area and equipment are maintained in a state of compliance. * Assess and implement improvements in productivity, waste generation, quality, and cost. * Lead and coordinate investigations and studies with little supervision. * Interact with regulatory agency personnel during audits and inspections. * Perform quality audits to ensure devices used are in proper working condition. * Provide 24/7 support to others as part of a rotating on-call support system. * All other tasks as needed or assigned by the supervisor. Minimum Qualifications * Significant experience supporting manufacturing operations in a regulated or cGMP environment * Experience with the following Automation systems (PLC, HMI, SCADA), including but not limited to Rockwell, Inductive (Ignition), Aveva (Wonderware), Siemens, Emerson (GE), or B&R Preferred Qualifications * Bachelor's degree in Engineering, computer science or a related discipline * Knowledge of GMP principles, GAMP 5 and ISA standards * Experience with FactoryTalk Batch, Data Historian systems, and Microsoft SQL database designs This position may also include the following conditions: Sitting and working on computers, meeting with stakeholders for design requirements, working with vendors and regulatory authorities, occasionally working on the plant floor and interacting with equipment. The items described here are representative of those that must be met successfully to perform the essential functions of this job. Sponsorship or support for work authorization, including visas, is not available for this position. Resilience is an Equal Employment Opportunity Employer. Qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender perception or identity, national origin, age, marital status, protected veteran status, disability status, physical or mental disability, genetic information, or characteristic, or other non-job-related characteristics or other prohibited grounds specified in applicable federal, state, and local laws. Requests for reasonable accommodation can be made at any stage of the recruitment process. Resilience offers employees a robust total rewards program including an annual cash bonus program, a 401(k) plan with a generous company match and our benefits package which is thoughtfully designed to support our employees with great healthcare (including medical, dental and vision), family building benefits, life and disability insurance, flexible time off, paid holidays, other paid leaves of absence, tuition reimbursement and support for caregiving needs. Our target base pay hiring range for this position is $80,000.00 - $121,250.00 per year. Actual base pay is dependent upon a number of factors, including but not limited to, the candidate's geographical location, relevant experience, qualifications, skills and knowledge. Excited about Resilience and the biomanufacturing revolution? We encourage you to apply and start a conversation with one of our recruiters.

Overview:Are you a web-savvy, search expert with a talent for finding things online by using just a few words? Do you want to influence the future of global AI search? If so, we want you on board!Working on behalf of RWS, you will test and evaluate how our clients' search engine responds to everyday searches from everyday people.Using your search expertise, you will work through a variety of assignments playing a crucial part in enhancing AI data which will be used to improve the online search engine experience of our clients' users. You:- Inquisitive by nature with a real interest in AI.- Have excellent skills in online research.- Enjoy working in a fast-paced environment.- Continually maintain quality and accuracy SLAs.- Have the self-discipline to stick to a schedule and get the work done despite the potential distractions of a home office.- Be a critical thinker with ability to analyze information and assess its relevance or significance. Requirements:- Currently reside in the United States (Ohio)- Strong understanding of popular culture in your locale (United States).- Commit to a minimum of 10 hours per week, maximum of 29 hours per week. - Must sign and adhere to project NDA- Have a smartphone and personal computer with reliable internet connection- Reliable antivirus software to protect your computer as you surf the web- Must pass training modules and a required test created by our client before commencing work- Only one Search Quality Rater per household - Must be 18+ years old We recommend you provide the Equal Employment Opportunity Information requested at the end of your application as it is required by US law.#INDAPUS RWS embraces DEI and promotes equal opportunity, we are an Equal Opportunity Employer and prohibit discrimination and harassment of any kind. RWS is committed to the principle of equal employment opportunity for all employees and to providing employees with a work environment free of discrimination and harassment. All employment decisions at RWS are based on business needs, job requirements and individual qualifications, without regard to race, religion, nationality, ethnicity, sex, age, disability, or sexual orientation. RWS will not tolerate discrimination based on any of these characteristics.

Wieland - Creating Value for Generations! Wieland is a global leader in copper and copper alloy manufacturing, processing, and distribution. We provide a large product and service portfolio including power, automotive, ammunition, coinage, construction materials, refrigeration, electronics and many other industries. To us, metal is more than material. Wieland's Cultural Values Wieland's culture is what makes for a fun and rewarding place to work! As a company, we benefit daily from our employees' knowledge and abilities. With our cultural vision, we place our core values at the heart of everything we do: safety, ambition, optimism, reliability, ownership, diversity, & respect. Wieland is hiring a Quality Intern. The Quality Intern will be responsible for working within the Quality department to gain experience identifying, planning and verifying quality department activities to aid in the success of the department. This role is located in Montpelier, OH and will be fully on-site. Responsibilities Quality Intern Responsibilities: Responsible for leading continuous improvement efforts by analyzing data to determine improvement opportunities in operations, safety and/or quality Will work directly with engineering, manufacturing, quality, safety and metallurgist Must be pursuing a degree or minor in Metallurgical Engineering or Materials Science The ideal candidate will have a background in chemical/metallurgical process control, mechanical and electrical systems and data acquisition A commitment to the continuous improvement of plant operations All other duties as assigned Quality Intern Qualifications: Materials Science or Metallurgical Engineering Student, Sophomore level or above Basic understanding of laboratory operations including; chemical, mechanical and metallurgical testing Basic understanding of statistics Proficient in Microsoft office and other basic computer skills Good written and verbal communication skills Qualifications Joining Wieland's team gives you… Growth Opportunities - We have over 9,000+ employees worldwide and 40+ locations in North America alone. Growth opportunities are limitless! Sustainability- Wieland continues to break ground with eco-friendly solutions and push the barrier in sustainability for future generations. Wieland is an equal opportunity and affirmative action employer. We celebrate diversity and are committed to fostering an inclusive environment for all employees. Come join Wieland today and help us continue to build a global corporation we are all proud to belong to.

COME JOIN OUR JOURNEY! When you join TT, you join our global community of visionaries, creators, and achievers dedicated to engineering and manufacturing electronic solutions enabling a safer, healthier and more sustainable world. Simply put, we are a global manufacturer with a passion for engineering advanced electronics that benefit our planet and people for future generations. We are committed to having a positive impact on the world through a culture built around safety, transparency, collaboration, and positive relationships. Our teams are fueled by performance and expertise, leading the charge in innovation, efficiency and delivering world-class customer service. Be part of the journey. Role Overview and Responsibilities Duties and Responsibilities: As a Quality Management Systems Intern, you will be an active member of our Quality Assurance team, assisting all areas of the organization by creating, maintaining, and refining quality system documents. This role is ideal for students who are interested in learning more about Quality Assurance and are passionate about solving real-world manufacturing challenges. Dates of Internship: May 27th, 2026 - August 7th, 2026 Develop, revise, organize, and maintain Quality System documentation, including policies, procedures, forms, and Work Instructions. Help ensure documentation and processes comply with industry standards, customer requirements, and internal best practices. Analyze existing processes and documentation, identify opportunities for improvement, and help implement standardized procedures. Work cross-functionally with other departments, including Quality, Engineering, Supply Chain, and Operations. Help document standardized work, visual controls, and process maps. Take on additional projects based on current business needs. Interns are expected to work a full-time schedule of 40 hours/week and will be compensated on an hourly basis. Qualifications, Skills and Attributes Qualifications: Completion of Junior year in an accredited college with a major in a STEM Field (Engineering Preferred but not Required). Strong technical writing skills. Ability to work both collaboratively and autonomously. Organize and complete detailed tasks and project work. Excellent communication and interpersonal skills. Proficient computer skills including Microsoft Office Suite. This position requires use of information which is subject to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). All applicants must be U.S. persons within the meaning of ITAR. ITAR defines a U.S. person as a U.S. Citizen, U.S. Permanent Resident (i.e. 'Green Card Holder'), Political Asylee, or Refugee Solving Technology Challenges for a Sustainable World We want the very best people in our TT family across the globe - so we welcome applications from everyone, to celebrate a diverse mix of experiences, backgrounds and identities. We are committed to equality of opportunity for all and you can rest assured that TT Electronics takes positive steps to ensure we are an inclusive business, that will welcome and support you, from your initial application to wherever your career takes you! Please get in touch if you'd like to discuss any reasonable adjustments to your application, in order that we can accommodate and support you in the process. If you want to work for a company where who you are is valued and respected, we'd love to hear from you. #WeAreTT #BeMeAtTT TT Electronics does not accept any unsolicited resumes from third parties. Any resumes submitted by a third party for this or any other position will not be subject to any recruitment fees if hired.

A career at Resilience is more than just a job - it's an opportunity to change the future. Resilience is a technology-focused biomanufacturing company that's changing the way medicine is made. We're building a sustainable network of high-tech, end-to-end manufacturing solutions to better withstand disruptive events, serve scientific discovery, and reach those in need. For more information, please visit ****************** Position Summary The Automation Engineer III is responsible for delivering technical projects for the manufacturing intelligence and automation systems for an Inspection, Device Assembly, and Packaging facility. The engineer will provide change management and lifecycle analysis for systems within their area of expertise. This position will be located at our Blue Ash facility. Responsibilities Interface with several types of equipment and systems, including but not limited to PLCs, SCADAs, HMIs, Servers, Databases, Data Historian, Visualization, and other automation equipment. Experience with networking, including but not limited to VLAN, Subnets, and IP protocols. Participate and support in the design, optimization, commissioning, or validation of newly procured or existing equipment as the automation lead. Consult cross-functionally and assist system owners in process development as the automation subject matter expert. Review and approve requirements, specifications, drawings, coding procedures, and guidelines. Provide technical guidance and train others on systems, software, equipment, machines, procedures, and/or processes. Communicate priorities and progress to the team on a continuing basis. High technical ability with a troubleshooting approach. Identify temporary and permanent fixes to address issues. Review and approve documentation needed for the qualification of equipment and processes. Author, review, and revise SOPs and specifications to maintain equipment, systems, and/or facilities. Ensure proper documentation practices during maintenance processes. Recommend and initiate activities to ensure area and equipment are maintained in a state of compliance. Assess and implement improvements in productivity, waste generation, quality, and cost. Lead and coordinate investigations and studies with little supervision. Interact with regulatory agency personnel during audits and inspections. Perform quality audits to ensure devices used are in proper working condition. Provide 24/7 support to others as part of a rotating on-call support system. All other tasks as needed or assigned by the supervisor. Minimum Requirements Significant experience supporting manufacturing operations in a regulated or cGMP environment Experience with the following Automation systems (PLC, HMI, SCADA): Rockwell, Inductive (Ignition), or Siemens (Desigo CC) Preferred Background Bachelor's degree in engineering, computer science, or a related discipline Experience with Data Historian and Visualization systems such as Aveva PI (OSI PI) Experience with Microsoft SQL database design Knowledge of GAMP 5 and ISA standards Knowledge of GMP principles (change control, deviation, CAPA, validation, and qualification) This position may also include the following conditions: Sitting and working on computers, meeting with stakeholders for design requirements, working with vendors and regulatory authorities, occasionally working on the plant floor and interacting with equipment. The items described here are representative of those that must be met successfully to perform the essential functions of this job. Sponsorship or support for work authorization, including visas, is not available for this position. Resilience is an Equal Employment Opportunity Employer. Qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender perception or identity, national origin, age, marital status, protected veteran status, disability status, physical or mental disability, genetic information, or characteristic, or other non-job-related characteristics or other prohibited grounds specified in applicable federal, state, and local laws. Requests for reasonable accommodation can be made at any stage of the recruitment process. Resilience offers employees a robust total rewards program including an annual cash bonus program, a 401(k) plan with a generous company match and our benefits package which is thoughtfully designed to support our employees with great healthcare (including medical, dental and vision), family building benefits, life and disability insurance, flexible time off, paid holidays, other paid leaves of absence, tuition reimbursement and support for caregiving needs. Our target base pay hiring range for this position is $80,000.00 - $121,250.00 per year. Actual base pay is dependent upon a number of factors, including but not limited to, the candidate's geographical location, relevant experience, qualifications, skills and knowledge. Excited about Resilience and the biomanufacturing revolution? We encourage you to apply and start a conversation with one of our recruiters.

Discover your potential at BEL Environmental Engineering, LLC! We are experts in the Solid Waste industry and work as a team to solve complex challenges and provide our clients with a full spectrum of talent and experience. A career at BEL is different. We are a small and employee focused firm that provides opportunities for your career to grow along with us. In this role, you will be challenged and encouraged to turn big ideas into solid results and take ownership of your contributions. We are currently seeking an intern for Construction Quality Assurance Technician (CQA) to join our team of dedicated and passionate professionals.