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National Human Genome Research Institute history
National Human Genome Research Institute company history timeline
January 3-4, 1989: The program advisory committee on the human genome holds its first meeting in Bethesda, Md.
October 1, 1989: The National Center for Human Genome Research is established to carry out the National Institutes of Health's component of the United States Human Genome Project.
April 1990: A five-year plan with specific goals for the project is published.
May 8, 1990: The National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research is established.
July 1, 1990: The Genome Research Review Committee is created so the National Center for Human Genome Research can conduct appropriate peer review of human genome grant applications.
January 22, 1991: The National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research meets for the first time in Bethesda, MD.
Watson remained director until 1992, by which time the work was well under way.
April 4, 1993: Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D. is appointed director of the National Center for Human Genome Research.
September 30, 1994: Human genetic mapping goal achieved one year ahead of schedule.
April 1995: The Task Force on Genetic Testing is established as a subgroup of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/Department of Energy Ethical, Legal and Social Implications Working Group.
November 15, 1995: National Center for Human Genome Research celebrates its 5th anniversary.
Evolution of a Vision (Part I) by David Smith, then Director of the DOE HGP (December 1995)
1995) Summarizing the History and Progress of the Project
April 11, 1996: Human DNA sequencing begins with pilot studies at six universities in the United States.
November 1996: National Center for Human Genome Research and other researchers identify the location of the first major gene that predisposes men to prostate cancer.
In 1996, the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) was also established (co-funded by eight NIH institutes and centers) to study the genetic components of complex disorders.
December 1997: The National Human Genome Research Institute and other researchers identify an altered gene that causes Pendred Syndrome, a inherited form of deafness.
1997 Human Genome Program Report contains history of the Project
March 1998: Vice President Al Gore announces that the Clinton administration is calling for legislation to bar employers from discriminating against workers in hiring or promotion because of their genetic makeup.
October 1998: The National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy develop a new five-year plan for the Human Genome Project.
March 1999: Large-scale sequencing of the human genome begins.
October 1999: President Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton host the eighth Millennium Evening at the White House.
November 12, 1999: The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) hosts the first annual "Consumer Day" conference to inform patients, families and health care providers about the impact of the Human Genome Project.
November 1999: The National Human Genome Research Institute, Department of Energy and the Wellcome Trust hold a celebration of the completion and deposition into GenBank of one billion base pairs of the human genome DNA sequence.
March 2000: A public consortium of scientists and a private company release a substantially complete genome sequence of the fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster). The findings are reported in the March 24 issue of Science.
June 2000: The Human Genome Project consortium announces a major milestone: It has assembled 85 percent of the sequence of the human genome - the genetic blueprint for a human being.
August 2000: Scientists discover a genetic "signature" that may help explain how malignant melanoma - a deadly form of skin cancer - can spread to other parts of the body.
November 9, 2000: The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) hosts the second annual "Consumer Day.
January 16-18, 2001: The Ethical, Legal and Social Implications (ELSI) Research Programs of The National Human Genome Research Institute and the Department of Energy sponsor a conference to celebrate a decade of research and consider its impact on genetic research, health and policy.
February 2001: National Human Genome Research Institute scientists use microarray technology to develop a gene test that differentiates hereditary from sporadic types of breast cancer.
March 2001: National Human Genome Research Institute and Human Genome Project-funded scientists find a new tumor suppressor gene involved in breast, prostate and other cancers on human chromosome 7.
May 2001: The Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium announces it has achieved three-fold coverage of the mouse DNA sequence.
The HGP plans to generate a "working draft" in 2001 that, together with the finished sequence, will cover at least 90 percent of the genome.
May 2002: The Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium announces a 96 percent complete working draft of the mouse genome freely available in public databases [ensembl.org]. The methods to sequence the mouse genome set a new standard for speed and accuracy.
September 2002: Gene discovery by an international team of researchers led by the National Human Genome Research Institute, reveals the cause for a rare form of microcephaly, a devastating brain disorder.
October 2002: The National Human Genome Research Institute launches the International HapMap Project, this new venture is aimed at speeding the discovery of genes related to common illnesses such as asthma, cancer, diabetes and heart disease.
October 2002: The National Human Genome Research Institute, in cooperation with five other institutes and centers at the National Institutes of Health, awards a three-year, $15-million grant to combine three of the world's current protein sequence databases into a single global resource.
February 2003: The National Human Genome Research Institute and the Department of Energy announce April 2003 events to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the DNA double helix, the completion of the human genome sequence and the publication of the vision plan for NHGRI.
April 2003: National Human Genome Research Institute researchers identify the gene that causes the premature aging disorder progeria.
December 17, 2003: The International HapMap Consortium publishes a paper that sets forth the scientific rationale and strategybehind its effort to create a map of human genetic variation.
The Path from Nuclein to Human Genome: A Brief History of DNA with a Note on Human Genome Sequencing and Its Impact on Future Research in Biology Supratim ChoudhuriBulletin of Science Technology Society, 23, 360-367, 2003
ENCODE, in full Encyclopedia of DNA Elements, collaborative data-collection project begun in 2003 that aimed to inventory all the functional elements of the human genome.
When the HGP came to a close in 2003, however, it was unclear how much of the human genome was actively transcribed into protein-coding RNA, and the complexity and function of RNA transcripts had not been extensively explored.
January 26, 2004: The National Human Genome Research Institute and other scientists successfully create transgenic animals using sperm genetically modified and grown in a laboratory dish, an achievement with implications for wide ranging research, from developmental biology to gene therapy.
March 1, 2004: The National Human Genome Research Institute announces that the first draft version of the chicken genome sequence has been deposited into free public databases.
June 8, 2004: The National Human Genome Research Institute and the Melbourne-based Australian Genome Research Facility, Ltd. announce a partnership to sequence the genome of the tammar wallaby, a member of the kangaroo family.
June 28, 2004: The National Human Genome Research Institute announces it has established two new Centers of Excellence in Genomic Science (CEGS) at Harvard Medical School in Boston and the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore.
October 18, 2004: The National Human Genome Research Institute announces that two of its medical geneticists, Doctor Alan Guttmacher and Doctor Robert Nussbaum, are elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
October 22, 2004: The ENCODE Consortium publishes a paper in the October 22 issue of Science that sets forth the scientific rationale and strategy behind its quest to produce a comprehensive catalog of all parts of the human genome crucial to biological function.
August 31, 2005: The first comprehensive comparison of the genetic blueprints of humans and chimpanzees shows our closest living relatives share perfect identity with 96 percent of our DNA sequence.
October 5, 2005: The National Institutes of Health announces contracts that will give researchers unprecedented access to two private collections of knockout mice, providing valuable models for the study of human disease and laying the groundwork for a public, genome-wide library of knockout mice.
October 26, 2005: The International HapMap Consortium publishes a comprehensive catalog of human genetic variation, a landmark achievement that is already accelerating the search for genes involved in common diseases, such as asthma, diabetes, cancer and heart disease.
November 15, 2005: As part of the United States Surgeon General's Family Health Initiative, an updated version of the computerized tool designed to help families gather their health information is unveiled.
December 13, 2005: The National Cancer Institute and the National Human Genome Research Institute launches a comprehensive effort to accelerate understanding of the molecular basis of cancer through the application of genome analysis technologies, especially large-scale genome sequencing.
Race to the Finish: Identity and Governance in an Age of Genomics Jenny ReardonPrinceton University Press, 2005
August 21, 2006: The National Human Genome Research Institute announces grants totaling $54 million over five years to establish one new Center of Excellence in Genomic Science and continue support for two existing centers.
September 13, 2006: The National Cancer Institute and the National Human Genome Research Institute announce the first three cancers that will be studied in the pilot phase of The Cancer Genome Atlas.
April 26, 2007: National Human Genome Research Institute researchers identify new genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes.
December 19, 2007: To better understand the role the astounding assortment of bacteria, fungi and other microbes play in human health and disease, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announces the official launch of the Human Microbiome Project.
Initial findings from the pilot phase of ENCODE were published in 2007.
April 29, 2008: Research organizations from around the world announce they are launching the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), a collaboration designed to generate high-quality genomic data on up to 50 types of cancer through efforts projected to take up to a decade.
May 7, 2008: The first analysis of the genome sequence of the duck-billed platypus is published in Nature by an international team of scientists, revealing clues about how genomes were organized during the early evolution of mammals.
Louise M. Slaughter (D-N.Y.), lead author of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA), passes away at the age of 88.
March 12, 2009: A team that includes researchers from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has found a new way of detecting functional regions in the human genome.
March 29, 2009: National Institutes of Health (NIH) researchers have identified a gene that suppresses tumor growth in melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer.
April 20, 2009: The National Human Genome Research Institute announces the release of the first version of a free online toolkit aimed at standardizing measurements of research subjects' physical characteristics and environmental exposures.
October 7, 2010: The National Institutes of Health announce awards to support the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, an initiative to understand how genetic variation may control gene activity and its relationship to disease.
The first meeting had 96 abstracts; the 2010 meeting had 351.
July 5, 2011: P. Paul Liu, M.D., Ph.D. has been named NHGRI's Deputy Scientific Director.
A study released in 2011 by Battelle shows that the HGP also had huge and far-reaching economic impacts.
The concept was questioned again in 2012, when ENCODE scientists reported that as much as 75 percent of the human genome may be covered by primary RNA transcripts.
June 14, 2013: The Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. opens a high-tech, high-intensity exhibition Genome: Unlocking Life's Code to celebrate the 10th anniversary of researchers producing the first complete human genome sequence - the genetic blueprint of the human body.
July 1, 2014: NHGRI's Mark Guyer retires from federal service.
August 26, 2014: After having completed a 14-month engagement at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), the Genome: Unlocking Life's Code exhibition departs for a multi-city traveling exhibition starting on September 1, 2014.
26, 2014 and published in the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts Aug.
September 16, 2015: The Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) opens an online patient application portal called the UDN Gateway.
December 9, 2015: Cristina Kapustij, M.S., is named chief of the Policy and Program Analysis Branch (PPAB) at the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). She will oversee policy activities and evaluation as well as program reporting and assessment to support institute priorities.
December 31, 2015: Robert Blakesley, Ph.D., director of the sequencing group at the NIH Intramural Sequencing Center (NISC), retires after a long, distinguished and singularly productive career in DNA sequencing.
January 14, 2016: NIH funds a set of genome sequencing and analysis centers whose research will focus on understanding the genomic bases of common and rare human diseases.
May 16, 2017: Laura Koehly, Ph.D., is named chief of NHGRI's Social and Behavioral Research Branch (SBRB), which conducts research that will potentially transform healthcare through the integration of genomic medicine into the clinic.
April 5, 2018: The Cancer Genome Atlas publishes the PanCancer Atlas, a detailed genomic analysis on a data set of molecular and clinical information from over 10,000 tumors representing 33 types of cancer.
July 1, 2020: NIH announces the provision of $75 million in funding over five years for the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Genomic Risk Assessment and Management Network.
September 30, 2020: The Human Genome Project turns the big 3-0!
March 10, 2021: NIH researchers develop guidelines for reporting polygenic risk scores.
October 7, 2021: Charles Rotimi selected as next scientific director.
February 3, 2022: NIH-funded small businesses contributed to the completion of the human genome sequence.
March 31, 2022: Researchers generate the first complete, gapless sequence of a human genome.
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National Human Genome Research Institute competitors
| Company name | Founded date | Revenue | Employee size | Job openings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Innovative Genomics Institute | 2014 | $3.5M | 94 | - |
| The Jackson Laboratory | 1929 | $331.1M | 7 | 49 |
| Broad Institute | 2003 | $451.4M | 2,876 | 4 |
| J. Craig Venter Institute | 1992 | $39.9M | 200 | 13 |
| National Center for Science Education | 1983 | $1.3M | 125 | 10 |
| CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine | 1941 | $24.0M | 261 | - |
| Buck Institute for Research on Aging | 1998 | $10.0M | 287 | 10 |
| W. M. Keck Observatory | 1985 | $9.1M | 100 | 5 |
| Indian Institute Of Crafts And Design | - | $12.0M | 50 | - |
| National Cancer Institute | - | $5.5B | 3,500 | - |
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