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Nepal history
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Under Shah and his successors, Nepal's borders expanded as far west as Kashmir and as far east as Sikkim (now part of India). A commercial treaty was signed with Britain in 1792 and again in 1816 after more than a year of hostilities with the British East India Company.
The position of the Shah dynasty was weakened by the fact that the two kings who ruled successively between 1777 and 1832 were minors when they ascended the throne.
The British withdrawal from India in 1947 deprived the Ranas of a vital external source of support and exposed the regime to new dangers.
By the early 20th century, Nepal was formally granted independence, however true independence did not come until 1947 when India became independent marking the withdrawal of British troops.
In 1951, however, the king took over all power and proclaimed a constitutional monarchy.
In the 20th century, Nepal supplied both military and equipment to the Allied war effort while dissatisfaction with the Rana rule led to the Revolution of 1951.
Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah became king in 1955.
In early 1959, Tribhuvan’s son King Mahendra issued a new constitution, and the first democratic elections for a national assembly were held.
But by 1960, King Mahendra had changed his mind and dissolved Parliament, dismissing the first democratic government.
Upon his death in 1972, the king was replaced by his son Birendra.
In the referendum, which was held in May 1980, the political groups supporting the existing nonparty system won by the relatively small margin of 55 percent, accurately reflecting the sharp differences in the country on basic political issues.
The country’s first television station, at Kathmandu, began broadcasting in 1986.
A new constitution promulgated on November 9, 1990, greatly reduced the power of the monarchy.
Prior to 1990 the country was divided for administrative purposes into 5 development regions, 14 zones, and 75 districts; in addition there were corresponding regional, zonal, and district courts, as well as a Supreme Court.
In May 1991, Nepal held its first parliamentary elections.
The first free election in three decades provided a victory for the liberal Nepali Congress Party in 1991, although the Communists made a strong showing.
In February 1996, the Maoist parties declared People’s War against monarchy and the elected government.
On June 1, 2001, King Birendra was shot and killed by his son, Crown Prince Dipendra.
2003, the Maoist rebels withdrew from peace talks with the government and ended a cease-fire that had been signed in Jan.
Accordingly, National Business Initiative (NBI) was established by fourteen major Nepalese Business Associations, and individual companies as an apolitical and non-profit-making organization in 2005.
By 2005, Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev dismissed the government and assumed full control in an attempt to put down the Maoist movement.
In April 2006, another People’s Movement was launched jointly by the democratic parties focusing most energy in Kathmandu which led to a 19-day curfew.
Under pressure amid massive pro-democracy protests in April 2006, King Gyanendra gave up direct rule and reinstated Parliament, which then quickly moved to diminish the King's power.
On November 21, 2006, Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala and Maoist chairman Prachanda signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) 2006, committing to democracy and peace for the progress of the country and people.
Major trading partners: India, United States, Germany, China, Indonesia (2006).
In March 2007, the Maoists achieved another milestone when they joined the interim government.
In 2007, Sunil Babu Pant won a case in the Supreme Court that forced the government to guarantee equal rights to all sexual and gender minorities.
Rather than making his new territory part of Gorkha, Prithvi Narayan Shah instead moved the capital to Kathmandu and established the Shah dynasty that would rule Nepal until 2008.
In 2008, Pant became the first openly gay lawmaker elected to parliament.
In May of 2009, the fragile compromise government fell apart when Pushpa Kamal Dahal, the country's Maoist prime minister, resigned and the Maoists quit the government.
On May 23, 2009, Madhav Kumar Nepal became the new prime minister, with the backing of 21 of the 24 political parties in Nepal's National Assembly.
On May 29, 2011, a last-minute deal was reached by Nepal's political parties to extend the new constitution deadline.
Capital and largest city (2011 est.): Kathmandu, 1.015 million
In the fall of 2011, the first census results since Nepal's civil war and the fall of its Hindu monarchy will be released.
In May 2012, rival political parties could not agree on a new constitution before the Constituent Assembly's term expired.
However, due to political disagreements on some of the contentious issues like federal provinces and form of government, the first CA could not accomplish the historic task and there was natural termination of its mandate in 2012.
Exports: $1.06 billion (2013 est.): carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain.
In early 2013, Nepal's political parties agreed on an interim government to hold elections.
Airports: 47 (2013).International disputes: joint border commission continues to work on small disputed sections of boundary with India; India has instituted a stricter border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents.Major sources and definitions
At least 16 Sherpa guides died in an avalanche on Mount Everest on April 18, 2014.
The new constitution of Nepal was promulgated through an overwhelming majority of the votes of CA members on September 20, 2015.
The Constitution of Nepal, adopted in 2015, establishes Nepal as a federal secular parliamentary republic divided into seven provinces.
Prime Minister: Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli (2015)
2, 2015, Prime Minister Sushil Koirala announced he would submit his resignation to make room for a successor.
Also in 2018, China and Nepal agreed to establish a rail link and signed a deal to increase Chinese investments in Nepal’s power grid.
Khadga Prasad Oli of the Maoist-leaning Communist Party became the country’s 41st prime minister in 2018.
IMPACT OF COVID-19: As of December 1, 2021, 11,529 deaths had been attributed to the pandemic in Nepal, and the government’s response to the crisis ranked 37th among the countries included in this Index in terms of its stringency.
Yadu Nath Khanal Lecture Series 1st Edition-2022
© 2022 by The Heritage Foundation.
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