Nursing Resources Corp history

Miss Alice Fisher, born in England June 13, 1839, trained at the Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses.

The school’s curriculum would largely be based on Nightingale’s 1859 publication Notes on Nursing.

1860 ed. copy in Google books.

Notes on Nursing for the Labouring Classes, Harrison, 1861; copy in Google books.

Notes on Hospitals-- 3d edition, London, 1863; copy in Google books.

Also in 1870 a headquarters in Washington, D.C. was established.

Doctor John M. Woodworth was appointed as the first Supervising Surgeon (a position now known as the Surgeon General) in 1871.

First Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon of the Marine Hospital Service of the United States, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1872

A landmark year for nursing education, 1873 saw the founding of several prestigious programs.

In 1876, she volunteered to be superintendent of the Fever Hospital, Newcastle on Tyne, where she found wards dirty and unkempt.

Miss Fisher wrote to Miss Nightingale on November 23, 1877 from Addenbrooke Hospital, at Cambridge.

With the passage of the National Quarantine Act of 1878 following a yellow fever epidemic, responsibility for quarantine of infectious disease transferred from the states to the Service.

Like women of all races, African American women were the caretakers in their communities; however, until 1879, racial prejudice barred them from formal training.

In 1882, she became superintendent of the General Hospital in Birmingham, remaining to establish a school of nursing.

Seven years later, in 1886, Spelman Seminary in Atlanta, Georgia opened and enrolled students in the first nursing program for African American women.

The Commissioned Corps was established in 1889 to provide a uniformed, mobile, career corps of capable physicians known by the term surgeons.

A movement to open formal Schools of Nursing started in the 1890’s.

The project took on a board of trustees, a finance committee, and an executive committee in 1891.

In 1892, a facility located at Ellis Island opened for the processing of arriving immigrants.

An 1895 Look at NursingReproduced at this Emergency Nursing World site is a very long excerpt from the book Ambulance Work And Nursing - A Handbook On First Aid To The Injured With A Section On Nursing, Etc.

In 1896, delegates from several top alumni groups gathered at the Manhattan Beach Hotel to form a national professional association.

Founded in New York in 1900, this three-course option focused on general, obstetric, and surgical nursing.

In 1902 the Service was renamed the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service.

The Life of Florence Nightingale. by Sarah A. Southall Tooley, 1905; copy in Google books

Annual Report of the Surgeon General of the Public Health and Marine Service of the United States, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909

2635), Washington, Government Printing Office, 1911

During 1912, the Service, known as the PHS, formally employed trained nurses.

The following year, in 1914 M. Maude Fauquier became the first nurse assigned to participate in field studies at the Public Health Service Hospital for Pellagra in Spartanburg, South Carolina.

Goodnow's History of Nursing, W.B. Saunders Co., 1916; copy in Google books.

Annual Report of the Surgeon General of the Public Health and Marine Service of the United States, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1917

During the Spanish Influenza epidemic of 1918, Lucy Minnigerode developed partnerships between the PHS and the American Red Cross to open a hospital and clinic to care for victims.

With the conclusion of World War 1 an Act of Congress awarded the responsibility for the care of sick and disabled veterans to the PHS. Lucy Minnigerode was appointed in 1919 as the first PHS Superintendent of Nursing for 23 Marine Hospitals and dispensaries.

In the September 1920 issue of the American Journal of Nursing an editorial that was written about Public Health Service nurses stated that, “The work has been and is still pioneer work.” PHS nurses today continue to practice with the same pioneering spirit.

In 1921 the PHS purchased the Louisiana Leprosy Hospital in Carville thus creating the National Leprosarium (Gillis W. Long National Hansen’s Disease Center.)

In 1922, the American Red Cross assigned 628 nurses to the PHS. In January 1922, the PHS opened a School of Nursing located at Fort McHenry, Maryland.

Frontier Nursing ServiceOn this site is a brief history of the midwifery service founded by Mary Breckinridge in 1925.

In 1928, a PHS medical officer was assigned to serve as Director of Health for the Bureau of Indian Affairs within the Department of the Interior.

In 1929, the Division of Mental Hygiene was established.

In 1930, nurses became involved in correctional nursing as the PHS assumed responsibility for federal prison health care.

In 1933 Pearl McIver was employed by the PHS in the Division of Public Health as a public health nursing analyst to address the public health nursing needs of the country.

A Bill to Place the Nurses of the Public Health Service on the same Status as Army Nurses and for other Purposes, Draft, November 1934

25), Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing office, June 19, 1936

In 1939, the PHS moved during reorganization from the Treasury Department to the Federal Security Agency along with other social service agencies.

To alleviate the nursing shortage on July 1, 1942 Congress appropriated funds for nurse education in the form of refresher classes, postgraduate courses in specialty areas, and to increase nursing program enrollment for students with financial need.

Representative Frances P. Bolton of Ohio introduced her bill on March 29, 1943.

There are four different card forms: 300A, 300B (pre-May 1944), 300B revised, and PG 400, which recorded post-graduate information.

In July 1945, the first nurses were commissioned in the PHS, including Lucile Petry and Pearl McIver.

By 1947, NLNE’s board had adopted a goal of moving nursing school to the higher education system.

The 1949 reorganization abolished The Division of Nursing in the Office of the Surgeon General.

During the 1950’s, opportunities for nurses within the PHS expanded as the Service acquired new responsibilities.

The information collected for this study created a national momentum among nurses that resulted in the establishment of the National League for Nursing in 1952.

Positions for nurses to work in research at the newly opened National Institute for Health became available in 1953.

In 1954, sixteen PHS Hospitals were operating in major ports with specialty hospitals for tuberculosis, Hansen’s disease, psychiatric disorders, and treatment of narcotic addiction.

On July 1, 1955, the PHS assumed responsibility from the Department of Interior’s Bureau of Indian Affairs for the health care of 350,000 American Indians and Alaska Natives, inheriting 3,500 staff members and numerous hospitals, field clinics, and other facilities.

American nurse service in Vietnam began in 1956 when three Army Nurse Corps nurses were placed on temporary duty assignment with the United States Military Assistance Advisory Group.

In 1960, the Divisions of Nursing Resources and Public Health Nursing joined into a new Division of Nursing, headed by Margaret Arnstein.

Beginning its work in 1961, the Surgeon General’s Consultant Group on Nursing comprised of leaders in nursing, hospital administration, and medicine as well as members of the public, analyzed problems facing the nursing profession and proposed solutions.

The Food and Drug Administration joined the PHS in 1968.

In 1970 the Division of Nursing was restructured into four primary components: Education, Manpower, Practice, and Research.

The Federation of Specialty Nursing Organizations and the American Nurses Association formed after an initial 1972 meeting with the American Nurses Association and ten nursing clinical specialty organizations convened to discuss common interests.

The 1973 Conference aimed to begin an initial effort to categorize nursing knowledge, develop a taxonomic system of diagnoses and establish a codification method appropriate for computerization.

The 1975 act added funds for nurse practitioner programs and mandated a study of the supply and distribution of nurses for use as a guide for future legislation.

Also occurring in 1980, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare became the Department of Health and Human Services when a separate Department of Education formed.

In 1981, the organization changed its name to the National Federation for Specialty Nursing Organizations.

The Nurse Training Act of 1985 further promoted nurse role expansion with funding for nurse anesthetist and geriatric nurse practitioner programs.

Retirement Credit for Time Spent in Cadet Nurse Corps in World War II, Congressional Record H.R. 2663, October 6, 1986

Canadian Association for the History of Nursing (CAHN) Founded in 1987 the CAHN is an interest group of the Canadian Nurses Association, with the purpose to promote interest in the history of nursing and to develop scholarship in the field.

The only exception? The 2001 survey, in which firefighters took first place.

Robinson, Thelma Nisei Cadet Nurse of World War II, Boulder, Colorado, Basic Books, 2005

The University of North Carolina at Greensboro).Vuic, K. D. (2006). "Officer. nurse. woman.": Defining gender in the united states army nurse corps in the vietnam war.

George Mason University).House, C. L. (2007). Army nurse officer retention: A qualitative examination of forces influencing the career longevity of army nurses.

Southern Illinois University at Carbondale).Provenzano, J. A. (2008). Federal nurse training legislation: A study in legislative opportunity.

In 2010, the Institute of Medicine developed a blueprint for the next decade of healthcare practice by publishing The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health.

Tanner, J. D. (2011). Nurses in fatigues: The army nurse corps and the vietnam war.

OBJECTIVE: To reflect on the role of Brazilian nursing during the COVID-19 pandemic, considering as a historical landmark the bicentenary of the birth of Florence Nightingale, a precursor of modern nursing, celebrated in 2020.