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Job outlook for political science instructors in the United States
Are political science instructor jobs in demand?
Political science instructor job and salary trends over time
Political science instructor jobs over time
Political science instructor job growth rate over time
| Year | # of jobs | % of population |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 3,456 | 0.00% |
| 2020 | 3,719 | 0.00% |
| 2019 | 3,871 | 0.00% |
| 2018 | 3,905 | 0.00% |
| 2017 | 3,982 | 0.00% |
Average political science instructor salary over time
Political science instructor salary by year
| Year | Avg. salary | Hourly rate | % Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | $56,669 | $27.24 | --0.2% |
| 2024 | $56,781 | $27.30 | +3.1% |
| 2023 | $55,089 | $26.49 | +2.4% |
| 2022 | $53,807 | $25.87 | +2.8% |
| 2021 | $52,340 | $25.16 | +3.7% |
Political science instructor jobs by state
Most common states for political science instructors
| Rank | State | Population | # of jobs | Employment/ 1000ppl |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Montana | 1,050,493 | 122 | 12% |
| 2 | District of Columbia | 693,972 | 83 | 12% |
| 3 | Wyoming | 579,315 | 62 | 11% |
| 4 | Colorado | 5,607,154 | 576 | 10% |
| 5 | Delaware | 961,939 | 95 | 10% |
| 6 | Alaska | 739,795 | 70 | 9% |
| 7 | Vermont | 623,657 | 58 | 9% |
| 8 | Georgia | 10,429,379 | 792 | 8% |
| 9 | North Carolina | 10,273,419 | 784 | 8% |
| 10 | Virginia | 8,470,020 | 704 | 8% |
| 11 | New Jersey | 9,005,644 | 690 | 8% |
| 12 | Massachusetts | 6,859,819 | 544 | 8% |
| 13 | South Carolina | 5,024,369 | 393 | 8% |
| 14 | Oregon | 4,142,776 | 346 | 8% |
| 15 | New Hampshire | 1,342,795 | 112 | 8% |
| 16 | North Dakota | 755,393 | 60 | 8% |
| 17 | Maryland | 6,052,177 | 408 | 7% |
| 18 | Iowa | 3,145,711 | 213 | 7% |
| 19 | Nevada | 2,998,039 | 202 | 7% |
| 20 | Rhode Island | 1,059,639 | 71 | 7% |
Most common cities for political science instructors
| Rank | City | # of jobs | Employment/ 1000ppl | Avg. salary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Baltimore | 1 | 0% | $62,278 |
Political Science Instructor job outlook: Expert opinions
Our panel of political science instructor experts
Tiffin University
University of New Orleans
University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh
SUNY Buffalo State
Yale University
Macalester College
Sul Ross State University
Governors State University
Angelo State University
Hope College
Fort Hays State University
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Fort Valley State University
Pennsylvania State University Altoona
Hartwick College
Appalachian State University
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Coastal Carolina University
Gannon University
Baldwin Wallace University
Dr. Stephanie Opfer
Associate Professor of English, Assistant Dean of the School of Creative and Media ArtsTiffin University
Visual And Performing Arts
What will help Political Science Instructors increase their earning potential?
Dr. Stephanie Opfer: Unfortunately, teaching as an adjunct does not pay well. Students should keep their full-time jobs and teach part-time until they find a full-time job at a college or university. That part-time teaching provides them valuable experience and connections that make them more competitive candidates for full-time positions because they'd also be competing with candidates who have PhDs. So adjunct work is more of a long-term investment rather than an immediate return. Also, even full-time teaching jobs don't pay particularly well, so they'll really need to love teaching if they want to do it full-time. If they don't like teaching as an adjunct, they won't like doing it full-time.
Christine Day Ph.D.
Professor and ChairUniversity of New Orleans
Department of Political Science
What skills stand out on Political Science Instructor resumes?
Christine Day Ph.D.: To be a political science instructor at the college/university level, requirement #1 is to have a Ph.D. in political science--or, to teach part-time, at least a Master's degree with at least 18 hours of graduate coursework in the subject. Beyond that, peer-reviewed publications, excellent teaching evaluations, excellent letters of recommendation, and quantitative analytical skills give you a big advantage in the academic job market.
What soft skills should all Political Science Instructors possess?
Christine Day Ph.D.: For anyone going on the job market with a Bachelor's degree (or higher) in political science, there are many opportunities in national, state, and local government; elective office; nonprofits and political advocacy; campaign management and polling; teaching; journalism; and business (because there is much overlap between politics/government and business, with business regulations, contracting out for public services, etc.). There are further opportunities for those who go on to graduate school or law school, as many political science majors do. Soft skills like communicating effectively both orally and in writing, researching and solving problems, and civic knowledge and engagement, are emphasized in political science, and they transfer well into a variety of careers.
What hard/technical skills are most important for Political Science Instructors?
Christine Day Ph.D.: The ability to conduct survey research, as well as the ability to analyze and interpret data, is perhaps the most important hard/technical skills emphasized in political science, skills that tend to lead to higher earnings in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. These skills are valuable in political campaigns, market research, advocacy and fundraising, international risk analysis, and a wide variety of other demand areas.
What skills will help Political Science Instructors earn the most?
Christine Day Ph.D.: The ability to conduct survey research, as well as the ability to analyze and interpret data, is perhaps the most important hard/technical skills emphasized in political science, skills that tend to lead to higher earnings in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. These skills are valuable in political campaigns, market research, advocacy and fundraising, international risk analysis, and a wide variety of other demand areas.
Michael Jasinski Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Political ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin - Oshkosh
Political Science Department
What skills stand out on Political Science Instructor resumes?
Michael Jasinski Ph.D.: Ability to conduct research and distill it into an oral or (usually) written product. In demand in law schools, for example, but many employers value it too.
What soft skills should all Political Science Instructors possess?
Michael Jasinski Ph.D.: I'd say probably the ability to work in teams, leadership ability shown therein. That's one of the big selling points of our Model UN.
What hard/technical skills are most important for Political Science Instructors?
Michael Jasinski Ph.D.: About the only, we teach statistical skills, ability to deal with quantitative data using SPSS software.
What skills will help Political Science Instructors earn the most?
Michael Jasinski Ph.D.: Each of those will land you a different type of job, so it's a little like apple and oranges. But each of those is a major selling point in and of itself.
Dr. Mark Fulk Ph.D.
Associate ProfessorSUNY Buffalo State
Department of English
What hard/technical skills are most important for Political Science Instructors?
Dr. Mark Fulk Ph.D.: Most of these have to do with their ability to write and think. Their critical thinking skills and self-motivation make them valuable contributors to the workplaces they join. Because they are trained to be self-motivated, they tend to need less oversight to ensure the success of the project(s) they are completing, making for less direct administrative need. They have been trained to break apart a problem and see (and solve) the problem's component parts through the process of critical thinking. Trained in a meta-discourse, they do not become outdated when one formal system in their field becomes obsolete, but they see beyond systems to larger issues.
Alexandre Debs
Associate Professor and Director of Graduate StudiesYale University
Department of Political Science
What skills stand out on Political Science Instructor resumes?
Alexandre Debs: The three main methods we teach in our department are quantitative, qualitative and archival, and game theory. If you picked up top journals in political science, you would probably find that quantitative methods are used most frequently. If you looked at top graduate programs, you would find that few teach qualitative and archival methods as a field. That being said, there is excellent work in Poli Sci using qualitative and archival methods and game theory.
What soft skills should all Political Science Instructors possess?
Alexandre Debs: In terms of soft skills, presentation and writing skills are obviously very important. Hiring committees receive many applications and select a few applicants (around three) to fly out for a job talk and interview.
What hard/technical skills are most important for Political Science Instructors?
Walter Greason Ph.D.: Ability to learn multiple managerial and technical platforms rapidly; facility with both quantitative and qualitative data and the capacity to discern multiple forms of mixed research methodologies.
Jessica Velasco DPA
Assistant Professor of Political Science & Public AdministrationSul Ross State University
Political Science & Public Administration
What skills stand out on Political Science Instructor resumes?
Jessica Velasco DPA: We will be posting an opening in the next several months. What we will be looking for is someone who already has their doctorate and at least some college-level teaching experience at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.
What soft skills should all Political Science Instructors possess?
Jessica Velasco DPA: We are a small, rural, Hispanic-serving institution. To work as a professor in this context, you have to be very student-centered, engaging, and willing to do more than just teach. Also, given the enrollment and retention issues many institutions of higher education are facing these days, it's important that you're willing to go the extra mile to help any student be successful. That means you have to be accessible and sympathetic to students and their personal circumstances. During the pandemic, we've all had to learn to be more adaptable in our teaching, and I think that expectation will continue.
What hard/technical skills are most important for Political Science Instructors?
Jessica Velasco DPA: Most universities are offering both online and in-person classes, and this will continue even once the pandemic ends. Although we have lots of great resources for learning about how to enhance your online or hybrid teaching skills, it is ideal for those seeking positions to already have some familiarity with how to teach online or in a hybrid format.
What skills will help Political Science Instructors earn the most?
Jessica Velasco DPA: This is difficult for me to answer. I've only worked as a faculty member at SRSU, and faculty salaries are not high here. They are also not really negotiable.
Khalil Marrar Ph.D.
Associate Professor & DPC MemberGovernors State University
Politics, Public administration, and Justice Department
What skills stand out on Political Science Instructor resumes?
Khalil Marrar Ph.D.: The ability to recruit and retain students that would be engaged alumni signs of influence on the field.
What soft skills should all Political Science Instructors possess?
Khalil Marrar Ph.D.: Collegiality/ability to balance working independently and in a team.
What hard/technical skills are most important for Political Science Instructors?
Khalil Marrar Ph.D.: Publishing in highly regarded venues.
What skills will help Political Science Instructors earn the most?
Khalil Marrar Ph.D.: Grant writing.
Dr. Jason Pierce
Professor, Department ChairAngelo State University
Arnoldo De León Department of History
What skills stand out on Political Science Instructor resumes?
Dr. Jason Pierce: Colleges and universities vary in terms of their primary focus. While larger private and public institutions value research as much as teaching, smaller regional institutions, like Angelo State University, put the most emphasis on teaching. Thus, teaching experience is paramount. We look closely at how many sections a candidate has taught and what classes they could offer when hiring a tenure track or non-tenure track instructor. Faculty at my university teach 4 classes per semester, so we must have someone who is "plug and play" and can handle the workload. For larger universities, research projects may need to be emphasized more. Be sure you understand what kind of institution you are applying to so you can get a sense of what skills that institution or department values the most. Researching the institution and the department is critical for success. Thankfully, that's relatively easy to do nowadays.
Dr. Rachel Schutte
Assistant ProfessorHope College
Department of Political Science
What are the biggest trends we'll see in the Political Science Instructor job market given the pandemic?
Dr. Rachel Schutte: There's a consistent and steady need for political science graduates to serve, among other positions, as legislative assistants, social media managers, and public relations/events coordinators, and that hasn't dampened during the pandemic, even as the details of the job shifted to a more virtual space. Of more interest, at least to me, is that even pre-pandemic, there was a growing demand for policy analysts in both the public and private sectors as government agencies and non-governmental organizations seek to understand the relative efficacy and effectiveness of public policy. This trend is likely to continue, especially as we seek to combat an economic recession over the next decade. Additionally, there are a lot of policy proposals gaining traction - like increasing the federal minimum wage, debates over corporate tax increases, etc. - that employers and political elites will seek to understand what the probabilistic outcomes and impacts are of such proposals.
What soft skills should all Political Science Instructors possess?
Dr. Rachel Schutte: As with virtually all careers, graduates should be effective communicators in both written and oral presentation. There is a striking level of numerical illiteracy among the mass public and political elites alike; this creates a particularly high need for political science graduates to learn how to communicate the results of social scientific studies to lay people and politicians in clear, understandable terms without falling into the black-and-white (either-or style) partisan dichotomy. Graduates should hone their skills to present findings in a concise, yet persuasive and nuanced, manner.
While not a "soft skill," I would encourage political science students and graduates to seek opportunities to develop skills in data analytics. We are a world where everything - texts, speeches, emails, and the like - are prone to become big data. Understanding how to mine that data, how to use it, how to interpret relationships among variables in the data, and how to think critically about causality are invaluable skills to possess.
How have salaries changed over time for Political Science Instructors?
Dr. Rachel Schutte: There is significant variability in starting salaries and it depends very much on one’s level of education. Political scientists with Ph.D. and master’s degrees are more likely to have advanced methodological and statistical modeling skills, which opens the door for higher paying jobs. Over the last decade, we’ve observed the highest increase in salaries for policy and research analysts. For example, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the median salary for a political scientist with a master’s degree or a Ph.D. is $122,220 per year. Notably, too, graduates with a bachelor’s degree entering a career of public service will find that research skills yield higher paying positions.
Will there be an enduring impact of the coronavirus pandemic on Political Science Instructors?
Larry Gould Ph.D.: Yes. Unless we carefully examine the implications of our institutional business models (especially tuition, fees, textbook costs, etc.), we will create a new equity crisis for lower income students and families that have been impacted by the pandemic. The current landscape left behind by the pandemic certainly favors high middle class and wealthy families more so than ever before.
What's a day at work look like for a Political Science Instructor?
Larry Gould Ph.D.: From our perspective, any job, even a low-paying job, that serves the public good is a great job. If you only measure a “good” job in terms of salary, you will be missing the opportunity to create social value and wealth that goes far beyond an individual perspective. Many of these public service opportunities were exposed during the pandemic and will continue to be important in the years to come as jobs and/or careers.
What will help Political Science Instructors increase their earning potential?
Larry Gould Ph.D.: The acquisition of skills and credentials related to technology (coding, web design, networking, geographic information system, marketing tactics, etc.) add value to one’s career and job potential in unending ways. Graduates who intend to go into government, the non-profit sector, policymaking and so on, will develop a competitive edge by adding the skills and abilities to manage and use technology.
Will there be an enduring impact of the coronavirus pandemic on Political Science Instructors?
Thomas Barth: The workplace is likely not going to be the same again after what has been learned about the benefits of meeting and working remotely. There will likely be more opportunities to work remotely for organizations anywhere in the world. However, you will need to work even harder and be creative about building and maintaining relationships in this environment.
What's a day at work look like for a Political Science Instructor?
Thomas Barth: Consistent with the answer above, be prepared for a Zoom world, and if you do work in-person, be more respectful than ever of peoples' space. The elbow tap may become the new handshake!
What will help Political Science Instructors increase their earning potential?
Thomas Barth: The way to rise in your career remains the same: get the educational credentials you need (the earlier the better, but you are never too old to go back and get a degree or credential that is needed); have the courage to walk through doors that open for you (even though it might be risky or involve moving); build your experience and visibility by taking on opportunities that arise (e.g., task forces, special projects); and be active in at least one professional association that provides networking opportunities beyond your current organization. Perhaps most important of all, don't get complacent; if you have mastered a job to the point where you longer feel challenged, time to move on.
Johnny Green Ph.D.
Coordinator, Assistant ProfessorFort Valley State University
Political Science Program
Will there be an enduring impact of the coronavirus pandemic on Political Science Instructors?
Johnny Green Ph.D.: Because of the nature of a wide range of political science positions, including positions such as policy analyst, legislative assistant, public relations specialist, social media manager, marketing research analyst, political consultant and attorney, to name a few, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics is projecting that the employment of political scientists is projected to grow 6 percent from 2019 to 2029, faster than the average for all occupations. Increased demand for public policy analysis in both government and non-government organizations will support employment growth for these workers https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/political-scientists.htm#:~:text=Employment%20of%20political%20scientists%20is,employment%20growth%20for%20these%20workers
What's a day at work look like for a Political Science Instructor?
Johnny Green Ph.D.: I don’t believe there will be too much disruption in the above referenced jobs (in question 1) because of the nature of their work and because they are not “front-line” workers, their interactions with people won’t be quite as impacted as it is for some other occupations. But even with that factor highlighted, with the increase in coronavirus vaccine shots in the population, it looks to be a sign that the worst from a social interaction standpoint might actually be behind us. If that is true, then job prospects for political science graduates should take off (as some already have) because as things come back to normal, part of the new normal will find many older workers who took some form of early retirement and therefore, we can expect other job openings to start ramping up in the post coronavirus economy. And to note, that a day at work might include anything from Managing a Social Media company, analyzing socio-political and economic data to conduct research on a policy issue; synthesizing qualitative data as a foreign policy analyst or preparing information for release as a public information officer, and many others!
What will help Political Science Instructors increase their earning potential?
Johnny Green Ph.D.: I believe the same added-on skills that have become so critical in the past decade for potential new hires will include having a comfort level, if not some level of specialized training in social media. Because the millennial generation, and generation X and Z have grown up and come of age in the digital decade, the ability to understand how social media works and possessing the skillset to be comfortable in it will enhance any college graduate, including those in Political Science.
What Political Science Instructor skills would you recommend for someone trying to advance their career?
Roselyn Costantino Ph.D.: Most important advice: Take initiative and be productive.
Find practical ways to use skills even if unpaid. Volunteer work is good. Use language skills. Technology skills. Exploit technology skills around the area of interest. If you want to be a teacher find out what software they are using today; what research skills are they utilize. Make sure you log your activities during the gap year especially those that relate to the area in which you want to work. If you want to go into finance, and you're working at a lawn service, understand and learn the business model and the accounting. If you're working at Starbucks (or in any commercial environment), get a chance to do inventories, learn about the ordering process and sources and suppliers for those orders; and how people are scheduled for work. All of that is relevant experience for business.
The CFO and recruiter for Keystone Staffing Solutions emphasized having evidence in your resume of of being productive during the gap time, no matter if it's one, two or three years. Evidence of being productive is what recruiters want to see on your resume: He stresses: "What did you do to expand your knowledge and skills not only in your selected area but beyond. BEING PRODUCTIVE for yourself proves to be an indicator of how productive you will be for me."
Still on gap year. How to go about it? Use teachers, friends, family, anyone in the field or related to it to provide guidance, insight, suggestions. This can lead to projects or experience that will help in learning and growth.
Dr. James Buthman Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Political ScienceHartwick College
Political Science Department
What are the biggest trends we'll see in the Political Science Instructor job market given the pandemic?
Dr. James Buthman Ph.D.: The world has changed with the pandemic and associated issues of society. This, in my view, raises the importance of adaptability and resilience. One of the best aspects of getting a Political Science degree is that it helps to understand society and come to the realization of the complexity of the modern world. Therefore, that knowledge students gain helps them to be adaptable and build resilience within the complex modern world. Whatever career path one starts out on, they will build their skill-sets but being adaptable and resilient are important elements of their education.
What technical skills for a Political Science Instructor stand out to employers?
Dr. James Buthman Ph.D.: Knowing how to be conversant about data is essential. However, the most valuable aspects of education come from actually analyzing that data and understanding what questions it does not answer. And professional skills, being thoughtful and communicating with others, are valuable because graduates will evolve over time.
How have salaries changed over time for Political Science Instructors?
Dr. James Buthman Ph.D.: Salaries are variable for graduates with a Political Science degree because there is such a wide range of professions you can pursue: for example, journalism, non-profit work, entry level governmental employee, or the private sector. The most important thing to remember is that your first job is helping to build on the foundation of skills and knowledge you have constructed throughout college.
Andrew Scerri
Associate Professor and Director of Graduate StudiesVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Department of Political Science and International Studies
Will there be an enduring impact of the coronavirus pandemic on Political Science Instructors?
Andrew Scerri: Yes, indeed. Until it is under control, PSCI graduates possessing knowledge of the public health policy terrain and the preferences of citizens will be in demand by representatives, and potential representatives, at local, state, and national levels. Once the virus is under control (presuming that it will be), PSCI graduates with this kind of two-dimensional knowledge will remain in demand, as will those with knowledge and skills in relation to the fairness and equity concerns that inevitably will be raised by any vaccine rollout. Being able to forecast emerging trends in public opinion, to compare policy experiments across jurisdictions, and to evaluate the effectiveness of policy experiments for different individuals, groups, or collective actors such as businesses or a whole industrial sector will also become more valuable.
What type of skills will young Political Science Instructors need?
Andrew Scerri: Increasingly, PSCI graduates will need both empirical skills (quantitative data analysis, appreciation of qualitative research methods) and theoretical knowledge (political theory and philosophy). If the pandemic demonstrates anything, it is that policymakers cannot simply "crunch the numbers" or "collect the facts" and enact effective solutions to social problems, such as public health. Very few people without both sets of skills foresaw the rapid uptake of hitherto marginal "anti-vaxxer" beliefs in the first months of the pandemic. Getting over this now, sadly, widespread phenomenon will require graduates with a solid appreciation of why "the facts" no longer matter. The same can be said of the "other big issue:" climate change. Denial of the reality of human-induced climate change has, over the last decade or so, become mainstream. Even media outlets that insist on presenting "both sides of the story" effectively deny the reality of the science. So, this is a big problem and PSCI graduates with two-dimensional skills are well-placed to offer representatives and potential representatives, regulatory and foreign service authorities, think tanks, and of course, schools, community colleges and universities, tools for responding to citizenly denialism and mass-media preoccupations with presenting "both sides."
What experience really stands out on Political Science Instructor resumes?
Andrew Scerri: Demonstrating the two-dimensional skillset mentioned above, in terms of your electives, does stand out; as does having worked as a paid research assistant while a graduate student, especially for positions such as political staffer, research officer for nongovernmental or governmental bodies, or business consultant. Equally, paid or unpaid work (interning) matters. Voluntary work for nongovernmental organizations, lobby groups, and so on, counts. Often, graduates tend to "pad' resumes with extraneous information about sporting achievements, civic service (e.g., volunteering for a charity), and the like. Much of this kind of thing is merely taken as given qualities of any good citizen. What you're trying to show in your resume is that you are a skilled and knowledgeable professional with training in the discipline of political science. While at graduate school, make decisions on your time, which will mean that your resume reflects this.
Pamela Martin Ph.D.
Professor, Exec. Director Georgetown RISE, a United Nations RCE for Sustainable DevelopmentCoastal Carolina University
Department of Politics
What Political Science Instructor skills would you recommend for someone trying to advance their career?
Pamela Martin Ph.D.: I would recommend they seek a digital internship. There are even global internships that can be done via distance with international institutions and corporations.
What are the biggest trends we'll see in the Political Science Instructor job market given the pandemic?
Dr. Anjali Sahay: The Coronavirus epidemic of 2020 altered the employment landscape dramatically. The U.S. economy and labor market are experiencing some changing trends:
- Jobs that can be done remotely will have the flexibility to continue in that direction. As a result, companies will consider relocating workers to less expensive cities since the salary per person can be reduced.
- Education will see more hyplex classes with virtual options.
- The drop in labor force participation will be larger for women than for men, partly because of the childcare crisis.
- Jobs will increase in the goods as well as the supply chain industries as people will continue to buy online products. The service industry will take some time to recover. Bars, hotels, restaurants, air travel, cruises - they're going to be affected for some time. People are going to be scared to be in confined spaces with lots of people around.
What skills stand out on Political Science Instructor resumes?
Dr. Anjali Sahay: As folks search for jobs during COVID-19, it is likely that they will either find opportunities in the essential workforce or in remote jobs (even if only remote temporarily) as the country practices social distancing.
STRENGTHS:
- Self-driven - as people work from home, motivation and self driven people will be more successful.
- Self-paced
- Detail-oriented
- Multitasker
SKILLS:
- Tech savvy (technological and digital Skills) - with more and more meetings, work projects, and classes going virtual, technological skills are more important than ever.
- Negotiation - in business, negotiating skills will always be an important skill.
- Adaptability - employers will want to know that you have what it takes to adapt to these changes brought on by COVID.
- Emotional intelligence - to deal with customers and vendors, this is an evergreen skill.
Are there any particularly good places in the United States for Political Science Instructors to find work opportunities?
Dr. Anjali Sahay: In the field of political science - in and around Washington, D.C. That's where we have the bulk of government jobs. Also, New York for organizations and NGOs, but New York can be expensive for new job seekers. However, the state capitals in any state are good places for federal and state jobs.
For any IT field - California and Texas remain top, but remote working may enable folks to be based anywhere they want.
What are the biggest trends we'll see in the Political Science Instructor job market given the pandemic?
Tom Sutton Ph.D.: Increased need for workers in delivery, grocery, and large retail, which also includes the need for managers. Technology and manufacturing will continue to hire. It will be interesting to see what happens with remote learning and office technologies and the need for expertise in these areas. Recent college graduates could apply their experience with remote learning to develop innovative approaches to remote work settings. There will also likely be demand for teachers, as there has been a loss of teachers due to retirements and loss of workforce due to the pandemic. Education graduates will benefit from job opportunities and should have advantages in having been in the "student seat" as remote learners.