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| Year | # of jobs | % of population |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 280 | 0.00% |
| 2020 | 302 | 0.00% |
| 2019 | 339 | 0.00% |
| 2018 | 314 | 0.00% |
| 2017 | 311 | 0.00% |
| Year | Avg. salary | Hourly rate | % Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | $50,256 | $24.16 | +4.9% |
| 2024 | $47,923 | $23.04 | --0.2% |
| 2023 | $48,037 | $23.09 | +1.8% |
| 2022 | $47,181 | $22.68 | +2.9% |
| 2021 | $45,840 | $22.04 | +1.4% |
| Rank | State | Population | # of jobs | Employment/ 1000ppl |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | California | 39,536,653 | 26 | 0% |
| 2 | Colorado | 5,607,154 | 13 | 0% |
| 3 | Ohio | 11,658,609 | 10 | 0% |
| 4 | Nebraska | 1,920,076 | 9 | 0% |
| 5 | Pennsylvania | 12,805,537 | 9 | 0% |
| 6 | Massachusetts | 6,859,819 | 6 | 0% |
| 7 | Maine | 1,335,907 | 4 | 0% |
| 8 | Virginia | 8,470,020 | 4 | 0% |
| 9 | Alaska | 739,795 | 3 | 0% |
| 10 | West Virginia | 1,815,857 | 3 | 0% |
| 11 | Missouri | 6,113,532 | 3 | 0% |
| 12 | New York | 19,849,399 | 2 | 0% |
| 13 | Utah | 3,101,833 | 2 | 0% |
| 14 | Kentucky | 4,454,189 | 1 | 0% |
| 15 | New Jersey | 9,005,644 | 1 | 0% |
| 16 | Rhode Island | 1,059,639 | 0 | 0% |
| 17 | Mississippi | 2,984,100 | 0 | 0% |
| 18 | New Hampshire | 1,342,795 | 0 | 0% |
| 19 | North Dakota | 755,393 | 0 | 0% |
| 20 | Connecticut | 3,588,184 | 0 | 0% |
| Rank | City | # of jobs | Employment/ 1000ppl | Avg. salary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | San Diego | 1 | 0% | $58,118 |
Northwestern University
University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point

Washington State University
University of California, Riverside
Northwestern University
Ecology, Evolution, Systematics, And Population Biology
Dr. Paul Caradonna PhD: Experience goes a long way. I am speaking from the perspective of ecology, evolution, and conservation. Having demonstrated experience in the field actually doing hands-on ecology and conservation is important. It is also good to demonstrate that you have a range of skills, such as: working in the field, data analysis, science writing, creative and clever problem solving. Work in this area is dynamic and challenging—those that can demonstrate that this is what gets them excited and that they have the skills to succeed in such an environment is essential.
Dr. Paul Caradonna PhD: I think this comes down to preference. If you want to maximize salary, then working in industry is where you should look. But there is much less freedom in what you are doing with an industry job. In contrast, working for a non-profit may not bring as high of a salary, but the work is likely to be more rewarding and more flexible.
Dr. Paul Caradonna PhD: Several skills come to mind: creative problem solving, ability to translate science into action/practice, quantitive/data analysis skills, and general science communication. Which skills are most important really depends on the specific job, but these are the types of skills we need. Ecologists are increasingly called upon to help with all sorts of environmental issues and that means we need creative and dynamic people!
Joshua Raabe Ph.D.: Many graduates' first position is a field technician, so being able to handle and identify fish, trailer and operate boats, and use a variety of sampling equipment are essential skills. Management and research requires data analysis, so statistics, computer programming, and GIS are valuable skills. Finally, writing and communication skills are absolutely necessary to communicate science to the public and each other.
Joshua Raabe Ph.D.: Salaries have been increasing slowly in the fisheries field, but hopefully the influx of anglers will result in more noticeable increases in the near future. We are honest with students that fisheries careers are not a get rich quick option, but are extremely rewarding as you work in amazing places, are making a difference protecting the fish and systems you are passionate about, and salaries increase as as you advance in your career.

Washington State University
Department of Entomology
Richard Zack Ph.D.: While the pandemic has certainly had a significant effect on agricultural communities, agriculture was and will remain one of the most essential of our industries. As we come out of the pandemic, I think that we are going to see a continuation of the growth in available positions and hiring. It is estimated that we are only producing 30% of the individuals that are needed to fill all available positions. This is especially true for students that are looking for well-paying, entry level positions with small to large sized firms. We, at the university, continue to receive requests from our industry partners for interviews with students. We believe that this fall, when we can hopefully get back to face to face meetings, we will have a pent-up demand for our career services and some of our largest, in terms of industry attendance, career fairs.
Richard Zack Ph.D.: Our industry partners and our advisory groups have been telling us for a while that soft-skills are very important to them. While they are seeking students with good technical backgrounds, they can and usually do fill in the details of individual types of positions through their own training programs. However, they want employees that are interested in what their companies do and how they operate, individuals that are eager to learn and progress through a system, individuals that have experienced and have an appreciation for working in teams, individuals that are creative but understand the chain of command, and as one large regional employer put it to me, individuals that show up for work on time and don't ask, as a first question, about vacation times and day's off. They are also very interested in employees that have cultural competencies and can work with individuals from a wide variety of backgrounds. In many of our fields, it is important that students look for internships with companies in which they have an interest. Many of our students our hired out of internships. So, it is very important for an individual to present themselves in the best possible manner when they are interacting with possible employers.
Richard Zack Ph.D.: Salaries at all levels of employment continue to rise. Starting salaries in most of our disciplines are very competitive with other non-agricultural disciplines. It is a very competitive market for our best students and many of them will receive 4-5 position offers before graduation.
University of California, Riverside
Botany and Plant Sciences
Louis Santiago Ph.D.: This is hard to predict. Some academic interactions that they would have had with faculty were curtailed due to online learning, but I think that faculty should be willing to write letters of recommendation considering the situation. There is also a loss of interactions with their cohort, which is difficult to gauge. Beyond these university-based changes, there will likely be a shifing job market, since everything shifted towards remote activity for a year.
Louis Santiago Ph.D.: I am not sure. The concentration that we have had all year on a pandemic spread and vaccine development has put a huge spotlight on certain fields like virus evolution and epidemiology in general, but the long-term effects and how they relate to graduates remains to be seen. However, students graduating this spring will face a US that is half returning to normal, perhaps with co-workers beginning in person work for the first time in a long time.
Louis Santiago Ph.D.: In ecology, population ecology, and epidemiology, creativity and originality of ideas will always provide a higher career path. However, flexibility is also important. All else being equal, people who are willing to work in different ways and change with the times will always end up making more money. It takes more effort, but in the long run it pays off.