Spaces history

For a useful bibliography see Simon Gunn, ““The Spatial Turn: Changing Histories of Space and Place,” in Identities in Space: Contested Territories in the Western City since 1850, ed.

Then, a month later, on November 3, 1957, the Soviets achieved an even more impressive space venture.

The United States made two failed attempts to launch a satellite into space before succeeding with a rocket that carried a satellite called Explorer on January 31, 1958.

These milestones included Luna 2, which became the first human-made object to hit the Moon in 1959.

Following on the success of its photoreconnaissance satellites, which began operation in 1960, the United States built increasingly complex observation and electronic-intercept intelligence satellites.

In 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American to fly into space.

20, 1962, John Glenn’s historic flight made him the first American to orbit Earth.

The first space station in Earth orbit was the Soviet Salyut 1 station, which was launched in 1971.

August - NASA’s Voyager 1 probe, launched in 1977, entered interstellar space.

In April 1981, the launch of the space shuttle Columbia ushered in a period of reliance on the reusable shuttle for most civilian and military space missions.

Morgan was the first teacher in space since the Challenger disaster in 1986.

Jay Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995);

Denis Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape, rev. edn. (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998), 1.

July 26 - Space Shuttle Discovery was launched with seven astronauts aboard; this was America’s first manned space shot since the 2003 Columbia disaster.

In 2004 a privately financed venture sent a piloted spacecraft, SpaceShipOne, to the lower edge of space for three brief suborbital flights.

In the later years, the term got broadened as the concept launched its first official collaborative workspace in 2005.

Philip Ethington, “Placing the Past: “Groundwork” for a Spatial Theory of History,” Rethinking History 11, no.4 (2007): 475–476.

See the discussions in, for example, Diarmid A. Finnegan, “The Spatial Turn: Geographical Approaches in the History of Science.” Journal of the History of Biology 41 (2008); Angelo Torre, “Un ‘tournant spatial’ en histoire? Paysages, regards, ressources.” Annales 63, no.5 (2008);

On November 13, 2009, NASA scientists announced the discovery of a "significant amount" of ice in a crater near the moon’s South Pole.

Malte Rolf, “Importing the ‘Spatial Turn’ to Russia: Recent Studies on the Spatialisation of Russian History,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 11, no.2 (n.s.) (2010);

Discovery was the first of the three active space shuttles to be retired, completing its final mission on March 9, 2011; Endeavour did so on June 1.

Histoires de l’oubli dans les mondes anglophones et francophones, XXe-XXIe sièclesHistories of Forgetting in the English and French-speaking Worlds, 20th-21st centuries [Texte intégral] Introduction à ce numéro Paru dans E-rea, 10.1 | 2012

Beat Kümin and Cornelie Usborne, “At Home and in the Workplace: A Historical Introduction to the ‘Spatial Turn,’” History and Theory 52 (2013): 317.

La syntaxe du discours direct en anglais / 2. “The Dyer’s Hand”: Colours in Early Modern England 12.1 | 20141.

January 14 - President Bush proposed a new space program that would send humans back to the moon by 2015 and establish a base to Mars and beyond.