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Job outlook for structural design engineers in the United States
Structural design engineer job growth summary. After extensive research, interviews, and analysis, Zippia's data science team found that:
The projected structural design engineer job growth rate is 7% from 2018-2028.
About 22,100 new jobs for structural design engineers are projected over the next decade.
Structural design engineer salaries have increased 6% for structural design engineers in the last 5 years.
There are over 51,495 structural design engineers currently employed in the United States.
There are 57,187 active structural design engineer job openings in the US.
The average structural design engineer salary is $75,662.
Are structural design engineer jobs in demand?
Structural design engineer job and salary trends over time
Structural design engineer jobs over time
Structural design engineer job growth rate over time
| Year | # of jobs | % of population |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 51,495 | 0.02% |
| 2020 | 50,910 | 0.02% |
| 2019 | 52,602 | 0.02% |
| 2018 | 51,786 | 0.02% |
| 2017 | 50,581 | 0.02% |
Average structural design engineer salary over time
Structural design engineer salary by year
| Year | Avg. salary | Hourly rate | % Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | $75,662 | $36.38 | +1.7% |
| 2024 | $74,372 | $35.76 | +0.5% |
| 2023 | $74,013 | $35.58 | +2.2% |
| 2022 | $72,416 | $34.82 | +1.5% |
| 2021 | $71,365 | $34.31 | +1.6% |
Structural design engineer jobs by state
Most common states for structural design engineers
| Rank | State | Population | # of jobs | Employment/ 1000ppl |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | District of Columbia | 693,972 | 229 | 33% |
| 2 | Oregon | 4,142,776 | 702 | 17% |
| 3 | Virginia | 8,470,020 | 1,181 | 14% |
| 4 | Massachusetts | 6,859,819 | 987 | 14% |
| 5 | Delaware | 961,939 | 132 | 14% |
| 6 | California | 39,536,653 | 5,043 | 13% |
| 7 | Washington | 7,405,743 | 954 | 13% |
| 8 | Alaska | 739,795 | 96 | 13% |
| 9 | Vermont | 623,657 | 81 | 13% |
| 10 | Colorado | 5,607,154 | 682 | 12% |
| 11 | North Dakota | 755,393 | 92 | 12% |
| 12 | Maryland | 6,052,177 | 696 | 11% |
| 13 | Utah | 3,101,833 | 328 | 11% |
| 14 | Montana | 1,050,493 | 118 | 11% |
| 15 | Wyoming | 579,315 | 62 | 11% |
| 16 | Arizona | 7,016,270 | 688 | 10% |
| 17 | Minnesota | 5,576,606 | 565 | 10% |
| 18 | New Hampshire | 1,342,795 | 131 | 10% |
| 19 | Iowa | 3,145,711 | 269 | 9% |
| 20 | Maine | 1,335,907 | 117 | 9% |
Most common cities for structural design engineers
| Rank | City | # of jobs | Employment/ 1000ppl | Avg. salary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Juneau | 4 | 12% | $82,954 |
| 2 | Frankfort | 3 | 11% | $81,564 |
| 3 | Annapolis | 4 | 10% | $63,661 |
| 4 | Lenexa | 4 | 8% | $73,531 |
| 5 | Dover | 3 | 8% | $75,391 |
| 6 | Lansing | 5 | 4% | $66,152 |
| 7 | Wichita | 10 | 3% | $75,876 |
| 8 | Tallahassee | 5 | 3% | $68,400 |
| 9 | Baton Rouge | 4 | 2% | $86,439 |
| 10 | Hartford | 3 | 2% | $74,170 |
| 11 | Little Rock | 3 | 2% | $61,089 |
| 12 | Atlanta | 4 | 1% | $66,523 |
| 13 | Des Moines | 3 | 1% | $68,451 |
| 14 | Montgomery | 3 | 1% | $77,484 |
| 15 | Boston | 3 | 0% | $73,975 |
| 16 | Denver | 3 | 0% | $74,841 |
| 17 | Indianapolis | 3 | 0% | $64,110 |
| 18 | Phoenix | 3 | 0% | $75,783 |
Structural Design Engineer job outlook: Expert opinions
Our panel of structural design engineer experts
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Northeastern University
University of New Mexico
Ohio University
University of Texas at Tyler
North Dakota State University
Rockhurst University
University of Miami
George Fox University
The University of Texas at Arlington
Pace University
Bowling Green State University
Alabama A&M University
Murray State University
Santa Clara University
Caribbean University
San Diego State University
What general advice would you give to a Structural Design Engineer?
Kishor Shrestha Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, LEED Green Assoc.: Construction engineering is a promising profession to enter now due to various factors. There is a growing demand for public infrastructure projects globally, leading to increased opportunities. Advanced technology like Building Information Modeling (BIM) and sustainable construction practices are transforming and creating new professions. This career offers competitive salaries and the chance to work on diverse projects, making it an attractive choice.
What general advice would you give to a Structural Design Engineer?
Simeng Li Ph.D.: I would like to say the most important is to be proactive and take initiative in your work – show your enthusiasm and willingness to take on new challenges. Being proactive not only leads to opportunities for advancement, but also helps great mentors to notice you and makes them want to help you navigate through the complexities of the industry because your attitude reminds them of their younger selves. While improving your technical skills, keep polishing your soft skills for collaborating effectively at the present and leading projects in the near future.
What Structural Design Engineer skills would you recommend for someone trying to advance their career?
Simeng Li Ph.D.: Most of the time, your salary is positively correlated with the value you can create for your employer. Therefore, make yourself marketable by obtaining your PE license as soon as possible and getting other certifications in your specialized area whenever possible. Stay updated with industry trends and continuously improve your skills and build your reputation. Lastly but most importantly, be comfortable with negotiating your salary for your new position or promotion. Articulate your value based on your skills, education, and experience.
What will help Structural Design Engineers increase their earning potential?
Simeng Li Ph.D.: I believe the ability to analyze large datasets and utilize AI for predicative modeling, optimization, and decision-making will be increasingly important. The field of civil engineering is continuously evolving, which also requires all of us stay curious and committed to learning new technologies and adapt to changing conditions. As sustainability becomes more critical, knowledge of green building practices, sustainable materials, and environmental impact assessments will also be vital. Civil engineers will need to integrate sustainable solutions into their projects to meet regulatory standards and societal expectations.
Serena Alexander Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Environmental Policy and EngineeringNortheastern University
Civil Engineering
What general advice would you give to a Structural Design Engineer?
Serena Alexander Ph.D.: Be determined, patient, and resilient. Civil and environmental engineers often deal with projects that take time and persistent effort; unexpected obstacles might arise at any time. Your ability to deal with uncertainties and address challenges with determination is key to your success. You also must be patient—with your team, clients, contractors, governmental and community organizations. You cannot solve problems without critically listening to what all these players have to say about the project and its challenges. Lastly, if things do not go as planned, your ability to bounce back quickly and develop an effective, alternative plan is important.
What Structural Design Engineer skills would you recommend for someone trying to advance their career?
Serena Alexander Ph.D.: Civil and environmental engineering is a vast field requiring a diverse set of skills depending on the sub-field. It is important to stay up to date with the technical skills required for your sub-field. There are also common skills that are important for all civil and environmental engineers. For example, analytical thinking to break down complex problems into manageable parts, and solving these smaller problems without losing sight of the larger problem is essential. Visualization and communications skills to describe the problem and the solution to a diverse audience is another important skill. Also, project management and leadership skills are key to your long-term success and advancement.
What will help Structural Design Engineers increase their earning potential?
Serena Alexander Ph.D.: Get your PE license, continue educating yourself about the new and innovative tools and techniques in your field, learn how to lead a team and deliver a project efficiently and effectively, and always negotiate. Never forget why you became an engineer in the first place; I doubt the salary was the main motivation. Most people become an engineer because they want to solve big problems. Strive to be the best problem-solver in your sub-field and your salary will increase to match your abilities and potentials.
What will help Structural Design Engineers increase their earning potential?
Susan Halter PhD, PE, F.ASCE: There is a critical need for infrastructure to address growth and to update older facilities. In addition, the U.S. government has committed significant funding for infrastructure improvement, which will require civil engineers to see it through.
What general advice would you give to a Structural Design Engineer?
Bhaven Naik PhD, PE, PTOE, RSP: Be prepared to keep learning! You can never stop learning. Also, keep your “doors” open to opportunities in new areas of work and also in new firms. Your first job/position should only be the beginning … stepping stone to the next! Learn to network with your peers and mentors through membership into various organizations (ASCE, ITE, etc.)
What Structural Design Engineer skills would you recommend for someone trying to advance their career?
Bhaven Naik PhD, PE, PTOE, RSP: Ability to analyze data … course in statistics will be very helpful. As well, the core classes in Civil Engineering are going to be very beneficial. As much as the new technology and all is quickly taking shape, there is going to be a need for the basics in the coming years.
What will help Structural Design Engineers increase their earning potential?
Bhaven Naik PhD, PE, PTOE, RSP: By being proactive … researching the current job salaries – ASCE have a great site for doing that. By continuous learning … getting licensure (PE, PTOE etc.) and also a Master’s degree (Civil or MBA).
Dr. Mena Souliman Ph.D., P.E., F.IRF.
Ronald D. Brazzel Endowed Professor of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Texas at Tyler
Civil Engineering
What general advice would you give to a Structural Design Engineer?
Dr. Mena Souliman Ph.D., P.E., F.IRF.: Civil engineering is a solid profession to enter for several reasons. First, there's a growing demand for infrastructure development globally, which creates job opportunities. Second, civil engineering offers a diverse range of career paths, from transportation to environmental engineering, providing flexibility and options for specialization. Additionally, advancements in technology are reshaping the field, offering opportunities for innovation and problem-solving. Lastly, civil engineers play a crucial role in addressing pressing issues like sustainability and resilience, making it a meaningful career choice for those who want to make a positive impact on society and the environment.
What Structural Design Engineer skills would you recommend for someone trying to advance their career?
Dr. Mena Souliman Ph.D., P.E., F.IRF.: Civil engineers handle a wide range of tasks daily, such as designing infrastructure, managing construction projects, analyzing data, and ensuring compliance with regulations. Someone entering the field might start with more hands-on work like site inspections, drafting plans, or assisting senior engineers in project management. Over time, they'll likely take on more responsibilities and eventually lead projects themselves.
What will help Structural Design Engineers increase their earning potential?
Dr. Mena Souliman Ph.D., P.E., F.IRF.: People often appreciate the variety of projects and the opportunity to solve real-world problems that come with being a civil engineer. Additionally, seeing tangible results, such as completed infrastructure projects, can be rewarding. However, challenges like dealing with bureaucratic processes, long hours during project deadlines, and the potential for work to be affected by external factors like weather or funding constraints can be sources of frustration. Overall, satisfaction in the field often depends on individual preferences and the specific work environment.
What general advice would you give to a Structural Design Engineer?
Mijia Yang: Sure, I can answer the questions you might have. Please send them my way and I will try to answer them the best I can.
What Structural Design Engineer skills would you recommend for someone trying to advance their career?
Mijia Yang: This is perfect! Thank you so much. We will be sure to feature your response in the article and send a draft over for your review before we promote it.
What general advice would you give to a Structural Design Engineer?
John Kevern Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, FACI, LEED AP: Strive to find a mentor(s) both within your company and outside of your company whose career path you would like to emulate. Become involved in a related professional organization. The American Society of Civil Engineering has professional chapters and younger member groups within the chapter. Participating in these groups helps to build a professional network and find mentors.
What Structural Design Engineer skills would you recommend for someone trying to advance their career?
John Kevern Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, FACI, LEED AP: Communicating effectively both written and verbally is and always is hugely important. This includes the ability to utilize AI successfully to write and check documents as a tool but not as a crutch.
What will help Structural Design Engineers increase their earning potential?
Dwight Beadle: As a recent graduate, a new hire should 'seek first to understand then to be understood' (Stephen Covey). Graduates should go into their new job trying to soak up as much real-world knowledge as possible and ask a lot of questions. They should be good communicators. They should think ahead and go through processes before acting. When they encounter a problem, they should not be afraid to ask for help, but do so after having thought through a possible solution.
What will help Structural Design Engineers increase their earning potential?
Joseph Reichenberger PE [CA AZ HI NM NV], BCEE, F.ASCE: It depends somewhat on the career path: private engineering consulting company, private
industry as facilities engineer, construction, education, or public sector.
If you work in construction you are on the job site typically, although you may be working in the
office preparing estimates and bids for the next potential project. If they are on the job site, they
are monitoring the construction activities, answering questions from subcontractors and material
suppliers, coordinating work etc. If you are working for an agency or consultant, you are
observing the construction, interpretating the plans, answering questions from the general
contractor, ensuring the construction meets the requirements of the plans and specifications as
the owner's on-site representative, and documenting job site activities in the event of a claim.
If you work for a consulting engineering firm, as an entry level engineer, you will be given
assignments to develop layouts and plans using computer drawing programs, making
calculations, reviewing documents submitted by contractors for equipment used on a project
under construction, performing computer modeling of structures or water systems, or highway
systems. As you gain more experience you will be mentoring entry level engineers in addition to
doing more advanced design work eventually moving into project, department, and office
management. At that stage you are doing more management and less engineering. But your job
moves to developing clients and securing "new" work. The work can be fast paced and you are
expected to be a self-starter and always learning. There are usually no formal training
programs, though many larger companies provide formal training for managers. Promotions are
"ad hoc" depending on an individual's skills.
Working for a public agency is not too much different. Promotions are done through exams and
formal interviews for open positions. Also the form of communication, particularly with the
"outside" is very formal through "chain of command." It can be frustrating at times. Many
agencies have formal rotational training programs for entry level staff.
Esber Andiroglu PhD, PE, LEED AP
Associate Professor of Practice, Dept. of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Director of Construction Management ProgramsUniversity of Miami
Architectural Engineering
What general advice would you give to a Structural Design Engineer?
Esber Andiroglu PhD, PE, LEED AP: Interdisciplinary and transformative design and construction approaches; integration of emerging technological innovations into practice; integration of software tools into everyday problem solving; solid knowledge about smart systems and AI applications; good understanding and ability to use data analytics
What will help Structural Design Engineers increase their earning potential?
Esber Andiroglu PhD, PE, LEED AP: Keep an open mind and think interdisciplinary; reflect back on knowledge you gained during academic years when investigating problems for applied solutions. You will continue to learn and grow with every project you undertake; make best of it. Participate in relevant societies and industry focused seminars, conferences, etc. as opportunities arise.
Ben Giudice Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Civil EngineeringGeorge Fox University
Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering
What hard/technical skills are most important for Structural Design Engineers?
Ben Giudice Ph.D.: Specific technical skills that are important will vary widely by what the employer is looking for. Civil engineering is an incredibly broad field with many specialties and subspecialties. Having technical skills like specific software capabilities in the area of civil engineering one is proposing to enter is definitely a plus. Moreso than specific technical skills, it is important to highlight any kind of project work that has been completed, whether those be major projects as part of the coursework, a senior capstone project, or extracurricular projects of relevance that have been completed.
What Structural Design Engineer skills would you recommend for someone trying to advance their career?
Ben Giudice Ph.D.: If you like working with people and serving your community, being a civil engineer can be very rewarding. You can also contribute to a healthier environment by developing more environmentally friendly designs. There is a wide variety of different kinds of work that civil engineers do, as it is a very broad discipline. Because of this, it is likely that something within civil engineering will excite and interest you. I haven't known anyone who was a civil engineer that disliked it! Compared with other engineering disciplines, the pay is not quite as high on average, but there are generally more opportunities available on a more consistent basis, and there are jobs available everywhere in the world nearly all the time.
What will help Structural Design Engineers increase their earning potential?
Ben Giudice Ph.D.: There is a huge demand for civil engineers across the nation. All of the junior civil engineering students at George Fox University this year had internships for the summer lined up by the end of March. Every senior either had a job offer signed by the end of March, or had multiple offers they were still weighing. The need for civil engineers will never go away, as society will always need qualified civil engineers to support all aspects of civilization. You can also work nearly anywhere in the world, as practically wherever there are people, there is a need for civil engineering.
What skills stand out on Structural Design Engineer resumes?
Bijan Shapoorian: -Leadership
-Cost estimating
-Planning and Scheduling
What hard/technical skills are most important for Structural Design Engineers?
Bijan Shapoorian: Knowledge and experience with the latest software and technological tools.
James Albrecht
Professor of Criminal Justice and Homeland Security, retired NYPD Captain/Commanding OfficerPace University
Criminal Justice and Homeland Security Department
What skills stand out on Structural Design Engineer resumes?
James Albrecht: Obviously, civil engineers have to possess a comprehensive and advanced understanding of architecture, physics, mathematics, engineering, and drafting skills, but 9-11 and even climate change have added other concerns to the field of civil engineering. Engineers now have to consider the need for safeguarding against terrorist events, natural disasters, rioting, and other man-made occurrences. As such, target hardening options must be considered, particularly when building in highly trafficked urban areas, when designing or renovating government buildings and public infrastructure, in tourist destinations, and in a hurricane, tornado, or other inclement weather prone zones. If one plans to work on projects in these areas or regions, it would be practical and realistic to take courses in critical infrastructure and safeguard national infrastructure offered by the Federal Emergency Management Administration, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, and other public-private organizations.
What soft skills should all Structural Design Engineers possess?
James Albrecht: Never underestimate having effective "people skills." You must be able to listen, communicate and express yourself in a competent and empathetic manner. Asking questions for more specific insight into project objectives and posing your own questions that delineate target hardening options to clients and potential customers will add the necessary human touch, not only to the field of civil engineering but to any profession.
What hard/technical skills are most important for Structural Design Engineers?
James Albrecht: There are basic phenomena that all civil engineers have to understand and fully comprehend. These are the skills that you will learn in detail in books in college or at your training site. But a top-tier civil engineer must not only be acutely familiar with the project objectives but also must be exceptionally aware of the environment in which the building or structure has been or will be placed. As such, one must be cognizant of potential hazards posed by climate or people. There may be expressed concerns or mandates about building in hurricane, tornado or flooding prone areas, but a civil engineer must take into consideration population density, proximity to a high-value person, structure, or historic site (e.g., City Hall, electric company, Liberty Bell, etc.), and potential for mass casualty or extreme damage if attacked by radical elements or rioters. Unfortunately, this is the world that we live in today.
What skills will help Structural Design Engineers earn the most?
James Albrecht: Clearly possessing a thorough and exceptional understanding of the basic skills needed in civil engineering is extremely critical. In addition, by expressing concerns or describing options for target hardening, you will also show your client that you have their safety and welfare in mind. Conducting a historical assessment of weather, sensational incidents, area crime rate, population density, and peak daily usage, and combining that with an evaluation of nearby sites that may be appealing to tourists or that routinely draw large crowds, e.g., nearby subway or bus station, should cause a client to be impressed with your comprehensive understanding and analysis of project-related issues. Undoubtedly, any "people skills" you can bring to the table that highlights your empathetic nature will surely inspire a customer or potential client.
Alan Atalah Ph.D.
ProfessorBowling Green State University
College of Technology Architecture and Applied Engineering
What hard/technical skills are most important for Structural Design Engineers?
Alan Atalah Ph.D.: Problem-solving involves defining the problem correctly, comprehending the facts related to the problem, identifying potential alternative solutions, devising selection criteria evaluate the alternatives, and selecting the best alternative solution.
Ability to use the a/c software programs to create value for the employer.
Simultaneously, visualizing the site and its surroundings, building and its requirements, time and sequence of operations, cost, quality, safety, etc., simultaneously avoids problems and solves problems quickly when they arise.
Pooja Preetha Ph.D.
Assistant ProfessorAlabama A&M University
Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering
What skills stand out on Structural Design Engineer resumes?
Pooja Preetha Ph.D.: According to my previous experiences, they are a combination of soft skills like creative thinking, problem-solving and hard skills like strong math and project management with the knowledge of tools like AutoCAD and GIS.
What soft skills should all Structural Design Engineers possess?
Pooja Preetha Ph.D.: I would say communication skills, creativity, the ability to mold yourself and work under pressure, keeping the cool at any condition, a few leadership initiatives, and being fast-paced.
What hard/technical skills are most important for Structural Design Engineers?
Pooja Preetha Ph.D.: Hard skills serve as the most important, in my opinion. If you are technically sound, have reasonable computer skills and good Microsoft office suite adaptability, and have strong presentation skills, you should be able to make it.
What skills will help Structural Design Engineers earn the most?
Pooja Preetha Ph.D.: Good decision making and identify the specific path/job that boosts your earning curve noticeably is the main thing to look at. Besides, good technical training, writing, and added accolades always catalyze the chances to get promoted sooner and earn more.
Bryant Harrison
InstructorMurray State University
Design Engineering Technology
What soft skills should all Structural Design Engineers possess?
Bryant Harrison: Engineers are constantly working with a variety of people on a project. These people could be other engineers in the same department or other departments, managers, stakeholders, and customers. The ability to communicate both on a technical and non-technical level with these people is likely the most important soft skill for a design engineer.
What skills stand out on Structural Design Engineer resumes?
Bryant Harrison: Design Engineers should be able to think creatively and be prepared to use software to solve problems. Students who have acquired certifications in design software have shown some level of aptitude toward using that software to create and design engineering solutions.
Will there be an enduring impact of the coronavirus pandemic on Structural Design Engineers?
Amin Ghafooripour Ph.D.: I don't think so, I have not seen a meaningful change.
What certifications/licenses/courses can have the biggest impact for Structural Design Engineers?
Amin Ghafooripour Ph.D.: Teaching at University requires advanced degrees, Licensed engineers may have a better chance.
What will help Structural Design Engineers increase their earning potential?
Amin Ghafooripour Ph.D.: Consultancy and research projects with external funding.
Dr. Luis Campos
ProfessorCaribbean University
Civil Engineering Department
What are the biggest trends we'll see in the Structural Design Engineer job market given the pandemic?
Dr. Luis Campos: The biggest trends which, in my opinion, is not for professionals. On-line commerce continues to be leading the jobs market...and will continue, at least, during the next 2 years.
What technical skills for a Structural Design Engineer stand out to employers?
Dr. Luis Campos: Use of computer and on-line navigating are the leading skills.
How have salaries changed over time for Structural Design Engineers?
Dr. Luis Campos: Salaries and unemployment have decreased to dangerous low levels. Increase in poverty levels are obvious.
Janusz Supernak Ph.D.
Professor and ChairSan Diego State University
Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering
Will there be an enduring impact of the coronavirus pandemic on Structural Design Engineers?
Janusz Supernak Ph.D.: COVID-19 had an impact on all of us, graduates included. The transition to switch into remote learning on a short - just 10 days notice - in mid March 2020 was challenging for professors and students alike. Yes, not all consequences were negative. The pandemic just accelerated the process of transitioning into a hybrid type of instruction where the online
course delivery will have a more prominent role - even after the lockdowns are over. The transitioning was actually smoother than expected. We used this situation as an opportunity to check if the pandemic affected students' perception about the effectiveness of their learning. Although the "COVID period" scores were generally lower than the "pre-COVID period" scores, only 21% were actually statistically significant. Interestingly, student outcomes scores in the Senior Design course were actually higher under pandemic than before COVID. More on this in a Jan. 2021 publication:
Supernak, J et al, (2021), "COVID-19: How Do Engineering Students Assess its Impact on Their Learning?", Advances in Applied Sociology, 11, 14-25,
doi:10.2436/associ.2021.111002
Out of necessity, the overall computer literacy has increased during the pandemic which is a good outcome.
What's a good job out of college for Structural Design Engineers?
Janusz Supernak Ph.D.: All fields are different. In Civil Engineering, there will be a lot of work in any foreseeable future. According to ASCE, American infrastructure needs a $3 trillion (!) investment to be back in great shape. This is an example of a "good job out of college". Two factors: 1) good prospects for sustainable employment, and 2) good prospects for a high salary when demand for civil engineers and constructors is higher than supply of new graduates.
What will help Structural Design Engineers increase their earning potential?
Janusz Supernak Ph.D.: Ability to adjust to changes is one important factor. COVID-19 was a test that some passed better than others. Effective use of the newest technology is the key. Of course, salaries go up in the fields of great demand. Still, a lot depends on politicians who may or may not see the American infrastructure upgrade as a very high priority. Current political climate should accelerate civil engineering projects - and improve the earning potential of our most recent graduates.