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In 1866 Congress reorganized the states into nine circuits and established the geographical outline that has remained unchanged except for the inclusion of new states within existing circuits and the division of two circuits.
For more than a century, the circuits functioned primarily as a way of assigning the justices and, after 1869, the circuit judges to service on the trial courts.
Shares of Standard Oil Company issues in May 1878, the beginning of the oil monopoly. (Image source)
Only in 1889 was every district included within a circuit.
Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator in 1890 and would go on to found IBM.
In 1915 he filed a patent for the standard wall outlet plug that is still in use today.
1925: Charles Ducas, an American inventor, patents the first circuit board design when he stencils conductive materials onto a flat wooden board.
1936: Paul Eisler develops the first printed circuit board for use in a radio set.
The circuit judicial councils established in 1939 exercise administrative authority over all the federal courts within a circuit, and the circuit judicial conferences provide a forum for judges and lawyers to discuss the administration of federal justice within a circuit.
1943: Eisler patents a more advanced PCB design that involves etching the circuits onto copper foil on glass-reinforced, non-conductive substrate.
1944: The United States and Britain work together to develop proximity fuses for use in mines, bombs, and artillery shells during WWII.
The first transistor, born in Bell Labs in 1947. (Image source)
An old Motorola television from 1948 with no PCB. (Image source)
The technology was quickly picked up by the United States military and used in proximity fuses during World War II. The technology was released to the public in 1948, and printed circuit boards, also known as printed wiring boards (PWBs), started to evolve.
The spread of information simply took time to travel before the Information Age. It took another six years in 1953 for this device to finally be used in products, but why so long? Back in those days, information was spread through journals, conferences, etc.
In 1956 the United States Army released their patent for the “Processing of Assembling Electrical Circuits.” Now manufactures had a method to both hold electronics and establish connectivity between components with copper traces.
The first satellite, Sputnik, launched by Russia in 1957. (Image source)
Launching the first spacecraft, Luna 2, to the moon in 1959
Sending the first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, around the earth in 1961
July 20, 1969, the United States lands the first man on the moon.
Since 1977, Printed Circuits has been at the forefront of PCB technology.
Making a kid’s dream come true with the Atari video game console in 1980. (Image source)
1980’s: A new assembly technology is developed called surface mount technology – or SMT for short.
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