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| Year | # of jobs | % of population |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 118 | 0.00% |
| 2020 | 111 | 0.00% |
| 2019 | 122 | 0.00% |
| 2018 | 122 | 0.00% |
| 2017 | 120 | 0.00% |
| Year | Avg. salary | Hourly rate | % Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | $43,578 | $20.95 | +2.8% |
| 2024 | $42,371 | $20.37 | +7.5% |
| 2023 | $39,424 | $18.95 | +4.7% |
| 2022 | $37,657 | $18.10 | +1.0% |
| 2021 | $37,299 | $17.93 | --0.4% |
| Rank | State | Population | # of jobs | Employment/ 1000ppl |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Maine | 1,335,907 | 91 | 7% |
| 2 | Maryland | 6,052,177 | 282 | 5% |
| 3 | Alaska | 739,795 | 38 | 5% |
| 4 | North Dakota | 755,393 | 38 | 5% |
| 5 | Indiana | 6,666,818 | 244 | 4% |
| 6 | Oregon | 4,142,776 | 145 | 4% |
| 7 | Iowa | 3,145,711 | 126 | 4% |
| 8 | New Hampshire | 1,342,795 | 48 | 4% |
| 9 | Massachusetts | 6,859,819 | 239 | 3% |
| 10 | Arizona | 7,016,270 | 183 | 3% |
| 11 | Minnesota | 5,576,606 | 175 | 3% |
| 12 | Kansas | 2,913,123 | 96 | 3% |
| 13 | Arkansas | 3,004,279 | 94 | 3% |
| 14 | Nevada | 2,998,039 | 82 | 3% |
| 15 | New Mexico | 2,088,070 | 72 | 3% |
| 16 | Idaho | 1,716,943 | 56 | 3% |
| 17 | Montana | 1,050,493 | 28 | 3% |
| 18 | District of Columbia | 693,972 | 19 | 3% |
| 19 | Connecticut | 3,588,184 | 86 | 2% |
| 20 | Delaware | 961,939 | 16 | 2% |
Duke University
Vanguard University of Southern California
Seattle Pacific University
Crowley's Ridge College

Clemson University
West Virginia Wesleyan College

California Baptist University
Memphis Theological Seminary

La Sierra University
Gardner-Webb University
Union University

Oral Roberts University
Duke University
Theological And Ministerial Studies
Prof. J. Smith: Minimizing debt during undergraduate studies and seminary is crucial due to the low salaries in ministry fields, with graduates often facing significant debt from loans.
Prof. J. Smith: Leaders of religious communities should focus on the relationship between religion and science, discourse promoting civility and respect, and questions regarding human nature, personal freedom, and happiness.
Prof. J. Smith: For undergraduates considering seminary or divinity school, majoring in subjects other than or in addition to religion, such as history, classics, philosophy, or literature, is recommended to develop critical reading skills necessary for the study of religious texts.
Rodolfo Estrada III: Students of theology have the opportunity to pursue careers beyond traditional parish or church ministry. They can find roles as chaplains, work within non-profit organizations, engage in community service, or enter any profession that involves interacting with individuals from various backgrounds and belief systems. I strongly advise acquiring a micro-credential, honing skills in writing and public speaking, or actively collaborating with community leaders to enhance their qualifications and impact.
Rodolfo Estrada III: Remain receptive and open-minded, always ready to glean wisdom from those around you. It's essential to remember that a theology degree offers a starting point for engaging in a broader discourse spanning centuries of deliberation, dispute, and exchange. While we may not possess all the answers to people's inquiries, we've been equipped with the tools to find life's profoundest questions. Never lose one's love for people, and always have hope for a better future.
Rodolfo Estrada III: Over the next 3-5 years, skills in communication and cross-disciplinary collaboration will become increasingly crucial. Many graduates who have a theology degree often work in church or parish ministries. Graduates will not only help people learn about the Christian Bible and tradition, but they will also be asked with questions about contemporary issues. Therefore, the ability to engage with theological concepts in innovative ways and in light of society's challenges will be essential.
Seattle Pacific University
Theological And Ministerial Studies
Dr. David Nienhuis: People typically study theology more for the sake of calling than career. They enter the work because they love God, and they love people. They’re more interested in participating in the healing of the world than in making a huge salary. They’ve not received a “vertical” training that will slot them directly into a specific sort of job, but a “horizontal” training that prepares them for a wide range of careers in which they might practice their calling. Thus, when they are beginning their career, they may need to be patient, as it may take time to find the job that enables them to live out their calling in its fullness. Indeed, they need to cultivate hope, recognizing that each job they take is like a puzzle piece that will eventually form a whole picture, or a steppingstone leading them down the vocational path.
Dr. David Nienhuis: Despite the persistent secularist claims, our world remains as religious as ever. Theology students are needed to help translate religious beliefs, practices, and values across communities of difference. Today’s world needs people who are both smart and other-oriented, both curious and compassionate— people who are committed to a vision of human flourishing and want to play their part to bring healing to the world and are willing to cross lines of comfort and hostility in order to make that happen.
Dr. David Nienhuis: Theology students shouldn’t limit themselves or sell themselves short, thinking they do not have marketable training, for their schooling has provided them with many of the important skills employers are looking for. The study of theology develops “hard” skills like critical thinking, deep research, careful analysis, and thoughtful synthesis, along with all the written and oral communication skills needed to communicate complex ideas in clear and compelling ways. But it also develops in students a range of “soft” skills— like curiosity, empathy, patience, listening, respect, and caregiving— that enable them to tolerate different perspectives and work well with people from backgrounds other than their own.
Josh Parnell: Public speaking skills have always been important in the religious field, and there is no sign that will change in the next 3-5 years. Conflict management is a skill that I believe will become more important and prevalent in the next 3-5 years as religious organizations, much like the society around them, become increasingly polarized.
Josh Parnell: Networking is everything. Job opportunities in the religious field are primarily the result of good references from trusted individuals, not from objective qualifications. Network with as many respected individuals in the field as possible, beginning with your professors and college administrators. If possible, begin your career through an internship with a respected figure in the field, their endorsement will prove invaluable when you set out on your own.
Josh Parnell: There are two common career paths for graduates in religious studies: Ministry (clergy) and academia. Although there are notable exceptions, neither of those career paths typically pay very well; they are 'calling' professions that you do because you are passionate about the job, not because you are looking for financial advancement. So, I strongly advise graduates to develop a second career that they can use to reliably supplement their income.
Dr. Grant Carey: We get multiple calls and emails each week looking for qualified people in this field. Right now there is a shortage of workers and this is a profession that can evolve based upon your skills and experience.

Clemson University
Department of Philosophy and Religion
Daniel Wueste Ph.D.: Technology will impact the field (philosophy) as a topic for philosophical investigation (in ethics and social and political philosophy, for example), and as a force in changing the way higher education is delivered. With advances in artificial intelligence, it is likely to enhance the appeal of philosophy as an area of study, as AI aligns well with the philosophy of mind/cognitive science and epistemology.
West Virginia Wesleyan College
Philosophy and Religious Studies Department
Debra Dean Murphy Ph.D.: Students who major in religious studies do a variety of things with the degree. We've sent students to graduate programs at Princeton, Duke, Vanderbilt, and several other schools. It's also not uncommon for students to have religious studies as a second major alongside history or art, for example. All of which is to say there isn't just one career path for a religious studies major.
For graduates who are pursuing ministry, I do think the pandemic is changing that landscape. Online church in some form is probably here to stay; there are studies already that seem to indicate that. How that affects the hiring of pastors and what their day-to-day work looks like is unknown at this point.
Debra Dean Murphy Ph.D.: For our students interested in social justice work-NGOs or non-profits-historically, there are have been more opportunities in urban areas than in rural communities.
Debra Dean Murphy Ph.D.: Depending on the particular vocation religious studies major pursue after graduation, technology will have varying degrees of impact. For those entering various forms of ministry, technology is rapidly changing the game.
Greg Cochran Ph.D.: Yes, undoubtedly. Quantifying the lasting impact may not be possible right now; predicting the future is a notoriously difficult task. However, some trend lines were already in place, and thus, were accelerated by the COVID-19 disruption. For example, technology had already increased loneliness and isolation among various demographic groups. The response to this pandemic (lockdowns, distancing) only heightened such human isolation.
Graduates entering ministry will need to work extra hard to personalize their ministries. Along those same lines, many people will remain fearful of large, in-house gatherings, thus forcing a reconsideration of all aspects of facility-based ministry from nursery work, to adult Sunday school classes, to choir participation. About half of the pastors in the U.S. are expecting lower in-person attendance when services resume. Many challenges will persist relating to personal relationships, distancing, and isolation.
Greg Cochran Ph.D.: The church-based ministry will abound-and may even increase-throughout the United States. While the less flexible ministries, and those with financial challenges, may not endure through this economic climate, many other churches will adapt and overcome. Graduates with clear convictions, lovingly related to other people, will continue to have work to do. Opportunities will abound because neither human nature nor the nature of human longings has changed. The churches will still possess a resonating message of love, justice, and truth for all kinds of people.
In southern California, for example, a church just this month-while restrictions remain in place--still baptized 1,000 new congregants. Church ministry has endured for 2,000 years. Nimble churches will still be looking for leaders in the next ten years. Probably the patterns will remain the same across the country: churches that adapt will thrive, others will face closing. And new churches will be planted.
Dr. Peter Gathje Ph.D.: Most of our graduates go into ministry either in a congregational setting or with a non-profit. So, yes, there will be an enduring impact. In congregational settings, people in ministry will be very likely to continue the "virtual" forms of worship, online Christian education, and other gatherings even as in-person worship resumes. The flexibility of virtual worship and the opportunity to participate from one's own home will be attractive to people even beyond the pandemic. Online adult theological education may supplement or even replace traditional Sunday school and Wednesday night offerings. Non-profits will also build upon the lessons learned during this time for virtual meetings, fundraising, and community programs.

La Sierra University
Theology And Religious Vocations
John Webster Ph.D.: We are living through genuinely extraordinary times! But a degree in religion or theology is excellent preparation for times of crisis, stress, and uncertainty. You may well find yourself to be the person for the hour. People are hurting, confused, and fearful of the future. Graduates with a deep understanding of human beings (including their spiritual, emotional and physical needs) and the dynamics of society will be in high demand not only in church circles but also in the public square. Do not lose heart. Whatever your specific career path, our world needs those who care about more than just making money about social justice, values, and caring. We need you!
John Webster Ph.D.: We all want to get our lives back to 'normal.' But we will undoubtedly have to grapple with a 'new normal.' A new situation where we have to make technology (be it social media, digital forms of communication, etc.) a tool for more profound and better interpersonal connection rather than merely a stop-gap. We cannot unlearn 'Zoom.' We need to become proficient in using these new tools, while never letting them distort or control our understanding of what it means to be a genuinely good human being. We need to use technology to ensure that even when physical distancing is essential, it does not lead to social distancing. We are all in this together, and technology can help.
John Webster Ph.D.: We will never entirely be the same again. I have a paternal grandmother whose whole family was wiped out in the 1918 flu pandemic, leaving only two young children as orphans. A hundred years ago, that pandemic shaped a generation. This one will do so as well. But the effects need not only be adverse. The crisis can leave us more resilient, more focused on what matters, more adaptable, and more caring. Yes, we have seen selfishness, callousness, and recklessness all over. But what will make an enduring impact be acts of selflessness, kindness, generosity, and hope? May these things endure.
Gardner-Webb University
Marketing
Scott Shauf Ph.D.: I doubt it's going to change much, but what will happen is that technology currently used in developed countries will become more available in developing countries. Christian ministers must be prepared to use it well.
Scott Shauf Ph.D.: I'm sure there will, but I won't claim to be able to predict it. To me, the experience has underscored the importance of creating healthy Christian communities. People genuinely care for each other, so that even when we can't meet together, the church will remain secure. We need a church capable of withstanding even more substantial challenges than this, and a church capable of ministering, even when we can't gather together. A Biblical Studies degree will, hopefully, give students tools they need to create and benefit from such communities.
Scott Shauf Ph.D.: Be open to God’s calling, especially to places you don’t feel comfortable going. There are many ways to serve in ministry, and God may call you to places and tasks you haven’t even thought of. Remember what you have learned, and always think critically and faithfully. Consider pursuing a Master of Divinity degree, for the church needs educated ministers. But whether you do or not, never stop learning.
Scott Shauf Ph.D.: I don’t recommend that young ministers focus too much on salary, especially early in their careers. Focus on getting experience and the necessary education for your goals further down the road.
Ray Neste: Our graduates enter a wide variety of different careers with such a degree, but my essential advice would be the same for each setting. Whether entering local church ministry (pastor, youth pastor, etc.), parachurch ministry, missions, or some other field, I encourage them to stay humble and keep learning. Learn from people in your church or workplace who have been there awhile, so you can learn the particularities of the church and community.
Ray Neste: In the field of biblical studies, it is hard to say. Indeed, academic resources in digital format will continue to be significant. But, our area ranges from academic work to pastoral ministry, so which technology is most important will vary, depending on the setting. The critical thing for graduates will be to be aware of what is going on around them, being cognizant, but not chasing fads.

Oral Roberts University
Biblical and Theological
Dr. Christopher Foster: Streaming technology will be essential: cameras, switchers, and editing software. This type of technology helps reach an audience beyond the local community and can increase giving.
Despite the technological tools, with all the bells and whistles, technology must remain relational and dialogical.