Ca Holding I Inc history

By far the worst of these terrifying epidemics began in 1806 and killed thousands of Indian children and adults.

In 1808, Spain's American colonies, one by one, began to fight for independence.

After 1810 a growing number of guerrilla bands evolved in the interior when fugitive mission Indians allied with interior tribes and villages.

Costanoan Indians at Mission Santa Cruz, in 1812, killed a padre for introducing a new instrument of torture which he unwisely announced he planned to use on some luckless neophytes awaiting a beating.

In 1821, Mexico achieved her independence, and word of this event reached Alta California the following year.

The Mexican Republic’s 1824 constitution declared Indians to be citizens with rights to both vote and hold public office.

The first United States citizens to come overland to California were trappers led by Jedediah Smith in 1826.

For instance, in 1833 an American party of fur trappers introduced a murderous scourge of malaria into the Sacramento and San Joaquin River drainages.

A German-born Swiss businessman, Sutter arrived in San Francisco in 1839 and obtained an enormous grant of 48,000 acres at the junction of the Sacramento and American Rivers, where he established "New Helvetia," a settlement with a fort, orchards, vineyards, and wheatfields.

By 1840 these and other murderous maladies had so thoroughly saturated the Indian population of Mexican California that diseases became endemic.

The first organized group of settlers from the United States who crossed the Plains to California was the party led by John Bidwell and John Bartleson in 1841.

Even Johann A. Sutter was reduced to begging the Mexican government to buy his fort following a mauling at the hands of Miwok Indians near the Calaveras in June of 1846.

When Mexican resistance collapsed in January of 1847, thereafter Indian Affairs was administered by a succession of military governors.

In 1848 when the gold rush hit, white southerners flocked to the state with hundreds of enslaved black people, forcing them to toil in gold mines, often hiring them out to cook, serve, or perform a variety of labor.

In 1849, Charles Perkins, a white man from Mississippi set out to mine gold in Placerville County, taking Carter Perkins, an enslaved man on his father’s plantation with him.

Despite entering the union as a free state in 1850, the California legislature rapidly enacted a series of laws legalizing Indian slavery.

Set free in November 1851, the industrious trio launched a mining supply business in Ophir, earning $3,000 (close to $100,000 in today’s dollars)

The federal government finally decided to establish an Indian policy in California in 1854 when Edward F. Beale was appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs for California.

Following Beale’s removal from office in 1856, Col.

The great hardships of this adaptation were made bearable with the development of a messianic cult movement called the Ghost Dance of 1870.

Southern California Indians were finally provided with recognition when several parcels of their former tribal domains were set aside by executive order beginning in 1873 with the establishment of the Tule River Indian Reservation.

Important developments occurred as a result of political activism on the part of both tribes and pan-Indian organizations from 1921 to the present.

In 1990, her video documentary, “Flashing on the Sixties,” won several awards.

Remembering September 11, 2001 Books, Web sites and other resources.

State Board of Education List of Adopted Programs Programs adopted by the State Board of Education on November 9, 2005.

Schedule of Significant Events Adopted by the State Board of Education on July 14, 2016.