ENVIRONMENT & NATURAL RESOURCE history

The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (established 1902), for example, provided a forum in which northern European countries could share concerns about maritime research and resources.

The result was a series of preservation campaigns culminating in the passage of the Wilderness Act of 1964.

In a pioneering essay about the intellectual "Roots of the New Conservation" -- published in volume 6 of Perspectives in American History in 1972 -- Donald Fleming focused on ecological ideas.

Historical analysis of anti-pollution activism began with H. Wayne Morgan's essay on "America's First Environmental Challenge" in Essays on the Gilded Age (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1973), edited by Margaret Francine Morris.

The use of this tool, which was first developed in fisheries, has been extended more broadly, notably through its incorporation into the Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982). However, it has tended to be associated with species-specific management regimes.

In Forever Wild: A Cultural History of Wilderness in the Adirondacks (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985), Philip G. Terrie explained the origins of the nation's largest and most influential state park.

Lewis L. Gould's Lady Bird Johnson and the Environment (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988) was the first in-depth study of a woman's activism.

In The Park and the People: A History of Central Park (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992), Roy Rosenzweig and Elizabeth Blackmar considered the social history of the nation's most celebrated urban greenspace.

In Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement (Washington: Island Press, 1993), Gottlieb thus concluded that recent campaigns for environmental justice have deep roots.

Mark Stoll's Protestantism, Capitalism, and Nature in America (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1997) went further in considering the complex and even contradictory ways religion has shaped environmental attitudes.

In The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), Adam Rome argued that the movement gained strength from grassroots and professional protests against the environmental costs of tract-house development.