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Fetal Memories 2D 3D 4D Ultrasound history
Fetal Memories 2D 3D 4D Ultrasound company history timeline
Pierre Curie in 1880 described the piezo electric effect whereby mechanical distortion of ceramic crystals would produce an electric charge; the reverse of this effect is used in all transducers to generate ultrasonic waves.
The development of Radar by Watson-Watt and his team using electro-magnetic waves in 1943 was later adapted for ultrasound to produce two dimensional images.
The first simple A-scan metal flaw detectors and modifications of this equipment were used medically in 1949 by George Ludwig at MIT to locate gallstones and John Julian Wild at the Technical Research Institute in Minnesota to detect breast masses.
The history of sonography in Obstetrics and Gynaecology dates from the classic 1958 Lancet paper of Ian Donald and his team from Glasgow.
1958;1:1188–95. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Donald I. Clinical applications of ultrasonic techniques in obstetrical and gynaecological diagnosis.
Two distinctly different machines compared to the static machines described above were also built in the mid 1960’s.
Compared to the Diasonograph the image resolution was poor yet this machine was purchased widely in German speaking countries and by the late 1960’s was probably the most commonly used machine in Europe.
The Octason mark 2 images in the late 1960’s were spectacularly good in demonstrating fetal anatomy but the Octason’s time of brilliance was short-lived following the introduction of the scan converter into contact static scanning machines and the convenience of the latter equipment won the day.
At the Commonwealth Accoustic Laboratories in Australia George Kossoff one of the most brilliant engineers in the history of medical ultrasound built the Octason static scanner in 1962.
1966;96:538–47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Grennert L, Persson P, Gennser G. Benefits of ultrasound screening of a pregnant population.
Early pregnancy: Kratochwil using his transvaginal transducer demonstrated fetal cardiac motion by A-scan from 7 weeks gestation in 1967 but most studies in the 60’s and early 70’s were carried out abdominally by the full bladder technique.
For example Bang and Holm from the Copenhagen school reported identifying the fetal heart beat from 10 weeks gestation in 1968 (Bang and Holm, 1968). The seminal work on early pregnancy assessment came from Hugh Robinson from the Glasgow school.
1968;102:956–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Bang J, Northeved A. A new method for transabdominal amniocentesis.
1969;76:603–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Campbell S, Dewhurst CJ. Diagnosis of the small-for-dates fetus by serial ultrasonic cephalometry.
Mechanical sector real time scanners were introduced by several companies such as Aloka and Kretztechnic in the early to mid 70’s but these were quickly superseded by the multi-element linear array and phased array scanners in the mid to late 1970’s.
1971;37:44–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A, Peisner DB. High frequency transvaginal sonographic examination for the potential malformation assessment of the 9 week to 14 week fetus.
In 1974 fetoscopy was introduced by John Hobbins and Maurice Mahoney at Yale for the prenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies (Hobbins and Mahoney, 1974) from fetal red blood cells obtained from the chorionic plate.
1975;82:687–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Campbell S. Early prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects by ultrasound.
1976;2(7988):718–9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Marsal K. Fetal breathing movements-characteristics and clinical significance.
1979;134:331–45. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Howry DH. The ultrasonic visualization of soft tissue structures and disease processes.
Several studies in the early 1980’s using transabdominal sonography drew attention to the association between a short cervix and funnelling with cervical incompetence.
Advances in gynaecological scanning were rapid following the introduction of the real time transvaginal probe in the mid 1980’s.
In Australia, Robert Gill working with the Kossoff group measured flow velocity in the umbilical vein (Gill et al., 1981). However the long path length of the Octason prevented the measurement of high velocity arterial flow and this system was impractical for clinical Doppler studies.
In 1981 Nick Kadar and Roberto Romero from Yale (Kadar et al., 1981) described the discriminatory zone (i.e. the minimal hCG level that should be associated with an intrauterine sac) for the diagnosis of ectopic gestation.
Compositing can be traced through Thomas Porter and Tom Duff's 1984 paper to Edwin Catmull and Alvy Ray Smith's invention of the alpha channel in the mid-70's.
By 1985, Aloka had incorporated colour Doppler imaging (originally called colour flow mapping) into their real time equipment and this was quickly followed by other major manufacturers.
1985;151:333–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Hansmann M, Lang N. Intrauterine transfusion controlled by ultrasound.
The advent of colour Doppler facilitated studies of intracardiac flow with groups led by Greg DeVore (DeVore et al., 1987), Rabih Chaoui and Ulrich Gembruch making significant contributions.
In 1987, the Center for Emerging Cardiovascular Technologies at Duke University started a project to develop a real-time volumetric scanner for imaging the heart.
The advent of colour Doppler allowed the detection of angiogenesis in tumours and in 1989 Tom Bourne and Campbell at King’s demonstrated high vascularity with increased peak velocity flow was associated with malignant masses.
The Combison 330 which appeared in 1989, was the first commercial 3-D scanner in the market.
1991;338:1412–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Lenz S, Lauritsen JG, Kjellow M. Collection of Human Oocytes in IVF by ultrasonically guided follicular puncture.
Brit Med J. 1992;304:867–9. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Nicolaides KH. Screening for fetal aneuploidies at 11 to 13 weeks.
Baba published in 1992 in the Japanese language the first book on ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology which contained chapters on 3-D ultrasound.
Wilfried Feichtinger at the University of Vienna, Austria reported images of 10 weeks embryos imaged with 3-D transvaginal transducers in 1993.
1995;5:233–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Kadar N, DeVore G, Romero R. Discriminatory hCG zone: its use in the sonographic evaluation of ectopic pregnancy.
Diagnostic accuracy of malignant ovarian tumors can be up to 100 percent as reported by Bonilla-Musoles in 1995, who also demonstrated the value of 3-D examination over the convention 2-D transvaginal scans and 2-D sonohysterography in the diagnosis of endometrial lesions.
In November 1996, with technical assistance from Takashi Okai and Shiro Kozuma from ALOKA Kazunori Baba published in the Lancet their initial experience with real-time processable 3-D, which used a simpler algorithm compared to conventional 3-D rendering.
3-D power doppler in the study of placental blood circulation was first described in 1996 by C J Ritchie in a proprietary setup at the Bioengineering Department of the University of Washington, Seattle.
Eberhard Merz hosted the First World Congress on 3-D Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology in Mainz in 1997.
However this group have shown that 3D software that generates automated follicle volume measurement (SonoAVC) permits faster measurement of antral follicle counts and tracking of follicular growth during and an IVF cycle (Raine-Fenning et al., 2009).
2009;18:658–63. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Robinson HP. Sonar measurement of fetal crown-rump length as means of assessing maturity in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Nicolaides and others are now exploring the possibility of screening for pre-eclampsia in the first trimester (when preventive therapy appears to be effective) using uterine artery Doppler and biochemical markers such as PlGF and PAPP-A (Akolekar et al., 2013).
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