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U S Merchants history
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Papenfuse, Edward C. In Pursuit of Profit: The Annapolis Merchants in the Era of the American Revolution, 1763–1805.
Until 1874, young Americans who wanted careers at sea as officers had to work their way "up the hawsepipe," learning practical seamanship and navigation as best they could.
In 1891 the Pennsylvania Nautical School started operation, followed two years later by the Massachusetts Nautical School, but both limited enrollment to state residents.
Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, Published Annually since 1895.
For a variety of reasons, some of which included faulty policy and legislation, the United States shipping industry steadily declined in the half-century leading up to the Shipping Act; by 1914, United States-flagged merchant vessels carried just 10% of ocean trade.
Since 1916, MARAD and its predecessors have been dedicated to the promotion and advancement of the United States merchant marine.
In response to a need for officers to man the Emergency Fleet during WW I, the United States Shipping Board set up a crash training program in 1917.
By the end of the war in 1918, the EFC had delivered 470 ships and in just 19 months, had become the largest United States industrial operation of the war.
When the construction program finally ended in 1922, the EFC had completed 2,312 ships, making the United States merchant fleet among the largest and most modern in the world.
In an attempt to reverse this, Congress passed the Merchant Marine Act of 1928.
On August 10, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt abolished the USSB and created the interim United States Shipping Board Bureau (USSBB) within the Department of Commerce.
Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1935.
The United States Merchant Marine Corps was officially founded on March 15, 1938, chaired by Joseph P. Kennedy (father of President John F. Kennedy). Cadet training was initially given aboard the government’s subsidized ships.
Like the Long-Range Shipbuilding Program, the USMS began operation in 1938 and expanded as the likelihood of war increased.
On December 21, 1940, the German submarine U-68 torpedoed SS Charles Pratt off the coast of West Africa without warning while its crew was transporting oil from Aruba to Freetown, Sierra Leone, killing two merchant mariners aboard.
More history and photos of Cadet Corps life in the 1940's at King's Point, San Mateo and Pass Christian
The Germans and Japanese sank six ships manned by the Merchant Marine in 1941 before Pearl Harbor, making mariners some of the first American casualties of the growing global conflict.
On her return voyage in March 1943 the ship, weakened by many bomb "near-misses" and a winter in the Arctic, broke in half, and sank with no casualties.
_____. Ordnance And Gunnery Instructions For Naval Armed Guards On Merchant Ships, 1944, OPNAV-23L-1.
Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1945.
Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, January 15, 1946.
In 1946, Congress abolished the WSA and its responsibilities reverted to the Commission.
Authorization for awarding the bachelor of science to graduates was granted by Congress in 1949.
Various events in the 1950s demonstrated the value of the NDRF. The first occurred in June 1950, when a simmering conflict on the Korean peninsula soon spiraled into full-fledged war between North and South Korea.
A History of Shipbuilding under the United States Maritime Commission in World War II. Baltimore: The John’s Hopkins University Press, 1951.
NDRF vessels deployed in a more conventional role due to the international shipping shortage created by the temporary shutdown of the Suez Canal in 1956.
Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Government Printing Office, 1957.
Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1957.
The Divine Wind: Japan's Kamikaze Force In World War II. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute, 1958.
The 1961 changes remain the foundation of MARAD’s current organizational structure.
Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin for the Department of History, University of Wisconsin, 1963.
Further complicating matters was the largescale ship activation required to coincide with the sudden troop escalation in Vietnam; between July and December 1965 MARAD activated 76 ships.
New York: Russell and Russell, 1965.
The NDRF reached its peak effort in Vietnam in 1967 when it carried 34% of all military cargo.
London: Lloyd's Register of Shipping, 1969.
Bunker, John G. Liberty Ships, The Ugly Ducklings of World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1972.
Victory Ships and Tankers; the history of the "Victory" type cargo ships and of the tankers built in the United States of America during World War II. Cambridge, MD: Cornell Maritime Press, 1974.
Admission requirements were amended in 1974 and the Academy became the first federal service academy to enroll women students, two years ahead of Army, Navy, Air Force or Coast Guard.
In 1976, a Ready Reserve Fleet (RRF) component was established as a subset of the NDRF made up of vessels that can be activated on short notice to provide rapid deployment of military equipment during an emergency.
Kings Point, NY: United States Merchant Marine Academy Alumni Association, 1977.
In 1981 MARAD was transferred to the Department of Transportation.
Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1981.
In 1983, Jeff Green began supplying shoes, apparel and ladies’ handbags to one of the major warehouse clubs.
Kings Point, NY: American Merchant Marine Museum, 1983.
Washington, DC: Naval Education and Training Program Development Center, Government Printing Office, 1984.
Shipping, shipyards and sealift : issues of national security and federal support 1985: a special report to the President and the Congress.
Thomas M. Doerflinger, A Vigorous, Spirit of Enterprise: Merchants and Economic Development in Revolutionary Philadelphia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986);
Freeze, Gregory L. (1986). "The Soslovie (Estate) Paradigm and Russian Social History." American Historical Review 91:11–36.
Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1986.
Grover, David H. United States Army Ships and Watercraft of World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987.
Kings Point, NY: American Merchant Marine Museum, 1987.
Washington, DC: Navy Department, Government Printing Office, 1990.
Gleichauf, Justin F. Unsung Sailors: The Naval Armed Guard in World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990.
Aurthur. “A Careless Word… A Needless Sinking:” A History of the Staggering Losses Suffered by the US Merchant Marine, Both in Ships and Personnel, During World War II. New York: American Merchant Marine Museum, 1990.
San Pedro, CA: United States Merchant Marine Veterans World War II, 1991.
Kings Point, NY: American Merchant Marine Museum, 1992.
San Pedro, CA: United States Merchant Marine Veterans World War II, 1993.
Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994.
Kings Point, NY: American Merchant Marine Museum, 1994.
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1994.
Washington, DC: Coast Guard Historian's Office, Government Printing Office, 1995.
Heroes in Dungarees: The Story of the American Merchant Marine in World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995.
Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997.
Baltimore, MD: Project Liberty Ship, 1997.
Palo Alto, CA: Glencannon Press, 1997.
Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998.
Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1999.
Patriots and Heroes: True Stories of the United States Merchant Marine in World War II. Palo Alto, CA: Glencannon Press Maritime Books, 2000.
Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2001.
Palo Alto, CA: Glencannon Press, 2002.
Palo Alto, CA: The Glencannon Press, 2004.
Palo Alto, CA: Glencannon Press, 2006.
Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2010.
Braving the Wartime Seas: A Tribute to the Cadets and Graduates of the United States Merchant Marine Academy and Cadet Corps Who Died during World War II. XILIBRIS, 2014.
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U S Merchants may also be known as or be related to U S Merchants, U.S. Merchants and US Merchants.